National Stock Exchange

NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED DEPARTMENT : FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS Download Ref. No. : NSE/FA/21156 Date : June 29, 2012 Circular Ref. No. : 3/2012 To the trading members in the F&O and CD segments Sub : Levy of charges for High Order to Trade Ratio In continuation of Exchange Circular. No:NSE/CMTR/20662 dated April 30, 2012 on additional SEBI guidelines governing decision Support Tools / Algorithm for trading through Non-Neat front end and as directed by SEBI, Trading Members are hereby informed that the following charges will be levied for high algo order to trade ratio with effect from July 02, 2012.The said charges will be computed at member level on a daily basis and will be collected on a monthly basis, after reckoning all algo orders and trades of the member: Daily algo Order to Trade Ratio Less than 50 50 to less than 250 (on incremental basis) 250 to less than 500 (on incremental basis) 500 or more than 500 (on incremental basis) * Charges (per algo orders) Nil 1 pai se 5 paise 5 paise * In case the ratio is 500 or more than 500 during a trading day, the concerned member shall not be permitted to place any orders for the first 15 minutes on the next trading day(in the continuous trading session) as a cooling off action.However, the trading member shall be permitted to enter transactions in risk reducing mode in the respective segments during such a cooling off period. Members may note that for the purpose of calculation of Daily Order-to-Trade ratio all algo orders, i. e. , order entry, order modifications and order cancellations will be considered. Regd. Office : Exchange Plaza, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (E), Mumbai – 400 051 Page 1 of 2 It may further be noted that, a) if the orders entered and/ or modified are within 1% of the last traded price (LTP) of the respective security/ contract ((Absolute (Limit price – LTP)/LTP)

Mass Media and National Identity

Gone are the days when the media used to exercise its power mainly through the radio and the newspapers. During that period, there was always time for free reflection on what it means to be an American. Today, the media merely thrusts its views on the viewer in a very powerful way. People are being exposed to a hugely expanded power of the media through the incessant television programs, movies and the internet.Like an invader who captures the minds of the weak, the American media is now in a position from where it can brainwash people into developing a media customized American identity. One of the more dominant images being circulated right now by American media is that to be American is to agree with the American President. All those who disagree are anti-American.Ever since the war on terrorism was launched during the aftermath of September 11, 2001, political leaders have used the media to seed the hearts and minds of Americans towards a new kind of patriotism. The Bush administ ration has, with the help of the media, widely propagated that this is the time when America needs to come together and support the President. The message is that unity and support for the President is more vital than having a healthy debate. This communication strategy has garnered a great deal of success in the United States as anti-war and anti-Bush policies have become equated with anti-Americanism.National identity of America was earlier derived from powerful figures of colonial America who imparted their daring visions, power, and energetic optimism to the American tradition. Among them are the explorer and colonial founder John Smith; the religious liberty advocate, Quaker, and colonial founder William Penn; the great Puritan intellectual Cotton Mather; and the astonishing 18th-century polymath Benjamin Franklin. Americans of the early 19th century were involved in the great controversy of whether slavery should be abolished or not.They were not afraid to fight wars for their causes and they also ensured that the republic achieved astonishing economic growth. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Louisa May Alcott helped in the development of a mature distinctive American literary and philosophical culture. There were great leaders like Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln who turned America into a great prosperous nation of sustained economic growth and they enabled the republic to stretch from ocean to ocean. America flowered as a land of great diversity with the advent of immigration in the mid-20th century. This was the time America grew to be a global leader and American character was exemplified through distinct American traits found in its great citizens.Some such distinct American traits that became part of American identity were lack of fatalism, energetic approach to problem-solving, faith in economic growth, dedication to education, devotion to religious liberty and belief in equality. There were many individuals who embodied these Americ an traits. Louisa May Alcott was a volunteer nurse in a Civil War hospital, where she contracted typhoid fever and was crippled for life from the mercury used to treat her. But that did not deter her from writing Little Women, a book that was hugely successful. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of self confidence as he invented the Franklin stove to meet the firewood shortage in Philadelphia.Andrew Carnegie was a great industrialist who finally thought it best to focus on a single industry: the steel industry. Horace Mann was responsible for the creation of the universal compulsory school model. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which Thomas Jefferson drafted in 1786 was the foundation stone for the rise of America as a nation that valued freedom in all aspects of life.   Every American shares a national identity with his fellow citizens and he is proud to known that values such as optimism, self reliance and belief in equality and justice are all part of this great Amer ican identity which has been shaped by a long history of political openness and change, tolerance of conflict, entrepreneurial energy, and cultural mix.The nobility that is enshrined in American national identity is slowing being eroded in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, race relations, crime, immigration, health care, euthanasia, gun control, and education and the erosion is more intense due to the focus of the media on such issues. Media expert David Domke feels has studied the government’s post-September 11 communication strategies in the war on terrorism as well as the media response and the impact on U.S. public opinion.After studying media reports and public responses from the period from September 11, 2001, to Bush's address to the nation about Iraq on March 17, 2003, he concluded that â€Å"government officials have consistently emphasized American core values and themes of U.S. strength and unity while simultaneously demonizi ng the enemy† (Whitworth Communications, 2003). His conclusion is supported by a study of media coverage and public-opinion polls. Words such as freedom, individualism, mobility, and pragmatism â€Å"speak to the American spirit.† It is through the use of such words that mass media is shaping the national identity on political issues.There are people such as think-tank researchers, interest-group leaders and academic experts who can offer analysis from a neutral platform. They are not people who are likely to sing chorus to the government’s song. But Domke and his colleagues have found that such intellectual people tend to get less media attention – for the simple reason they are not guaranteed supporters of the government.This finding shows that the media coverage under the blanket of patriotic press coverage, has served to shift the American national identity from one that allows every individual the liberty to have his or her own opinion on political is sues to one that supports the standing of a unified nation behind the President of the United States, no matter what decisions he takes.Apart from this negative shift, there are many positive ways in which mass media is helping to shape the national identity of Americans. Hollywood is one of the most influential media in America and has always played a huge role in creating a sense of national identity and pride. American values such as equality, liberty, love for the nation, freedom of expression, human right are emphasized in many movies.Popular movies such as Pearl Harbor; We Were Soldiers; The Quiet American; Behind Enemy Lines; Black Hawk Down; Kandahar; Collateral Damage; In the Bedroom; Minority Report and Fahrenheit 9/11 explore and help in shaping American identity with respect to morality, family, nation and globalisation.Television programs such as Apprentice and American Idol showcase the potential America offers to people with values, talent, skill and willingness to wo rk. They add a sense of pride and positive attitude to the national identity. Sports such as baseball and basketball as shown in the movies and television programs have become American symbols of competitiveness and professionalism.However, television advertisements seem to focus more on hawking a happier home and love-life, improved eating and drinking and appearance, better health, taste and smell, a more comfortable car, etc., etc. thereby polluting the national identity with a craving for materialism and self centeredness.Through the mass media, Mickey Mouse, Babe Ruth, screwball comedy, G.I. Joe, the blues, â€Å"The Simpsons,† Michael Jackson, the Dallas Cowboys, Gone With the Wind, the Dream Team, Indiana Jones, Catch-22 – these names, genres, and phrases from American sports and entertainment have become a powerful tools in sculpting the American identity. Through mass media, music has also played a huge role in shaping American identity. The first major compos er of popular music with a uniquely American style was Stephen Foster (1826-1864). Soon the music that was representative of America combined elements of European musical tradition with African-American rhythms and themes.Some of Foster's best songs are: â€Å"Oh! Susanna,† â€Å"Camptown Races,† â€Å"Ring the Banjo,† â€Å"Old Folks at Home†. Today, the inclusion of African music such as Reggai and rap, Latino rhythms, and the domination of global artists has made American music much more representative of its expanding scope of national identity. However, rock music remains the prevalent pop music of America because it is one genre that can assimilate almost any other kind of music, along with new varieties of outlandish showmanship, into its strong rhythmical framework – much as America assimilates different cultures and different races into its constitutional framework and national identity.Rangers in the Sequoia National Park report that the huge sequoia monarch trees in the forests, however huge and seemingly strong, one day simply tilt over and crash to the ground because of their weak roots (Sites, 2007). So also the American national identity built through mass media can crash if care is not taken to nourish the roots of that identity. Mass media should focus on the unique American history and resplendent traditions instead of favoring an almost total obsession with the clamorous present and the dubious lures of the unpredictable future.Bibliography:Whitworth Communications (2003). Political Communication Scholar to Present Whitworth Lecture on Challenges to Civil Discourse of ‘Post-9/11 Patriotism'. http://www.whitworth.edu/News/2002_2003/Spring/GreatDecisionsDomke.htmSites N. James. Inger: A Modern-Day Viking Discovers America. Published by Scan-Am Communications. Ashland. http://www.identityindependence.com/ingersites.html

Intellectual Property Essay

1) Compare and contrast the differing protection offered by the law of patents and the law of copyright. In your opinion, are these differences accidental or do they have a sound commercial or legal basis ? Intellectual property rights are exclusive rights for their owners. Third parties are then generally prohibited from the use or exploitation of what is excluded by these rights. It is to be clarified that it is intended to focus solely on copyrights and patents. Trademark, confidentiality and designs, the other main types of intellectual property are beyond the scope of this essay. There is one simple way to comprehend the two concepts of patents and copyrights. On the one hand patent are rights over an invention. An invention is the result of reasoning. It is the production of some new or improved process or products that are both not obvious for a person skilled in the field and useful. On the other hand, copyrights are rights that protect art in general, art being any products of human's creative activities provided that more than trivial work has been done. The patent law can be seen as a monopoly created by parliament. In the year 1623 the Statute of Monopolies declared that all monopolies are void and of no effect. But an exception was made for the future grand of patent for the term of fourteen years to the first inventor provided it was not contrary to reason of raising price or restrictive of trade. Nowadays, it is basically the same principles that are applied. The copyright law can be seen as a way to restraint trade granted by Parliament. In 1709, the Copyright Act gave an author the exclusive right of printing his work for fourteen years. If the law has extended, the same concepts are still applied. The first point is the difference between what is ruled by patent and copyright. Patent law is protecting inventions. Patent Act 1977 defined an invention as something new thus which does not form part of the state of the art (s. 2(1))1. The state of the art being what was made available to the public in any way before the priority date of the patent (s. 2(2))2, this date correspond to the date of filling on which certain formalities are satisfied. The question to be asked in order to know if it was part of the art is not whether an information has actually been accessed but whether information could have been accessed prior the filling date. An old illustration of this would be the case of Lang v Gisborne3. In relation to a book, the question was whether the information was available and not whether the book had actually been sold. Thus we need to define what is construed as available to the public. In the Windsurfer4 case, a 12 year old boy, who built a sailboard and used it in public during his holidays, had been enough to make this invention available to the public. Moreover, in assessing if a disclosure of information is enough; it will be considered whether the person skilled in the art will be able to carry out trial and experiments to get to the invention (Synthon5). The last main hurdle for the obtention of a patent will be the requirement of inventiveness. An inventive step is one that is not obvious to a person skilled in the art (s. 3)6 and whether there is an inventive step or not has to be decided without hindsight (Haberman v Jackel7). A person 1 Patents Act 1977 s. 2(1) Patents Act 1977 s. 2(2) 3 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) 4 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA 5 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 6 Patents Act 1977 s. 7 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The times 21 January 1999 2 1 skilled in the art has been described as a graduate or engineer in the field concerned with a few years of experience (Dyson v Hoover8) , it was also held that it should be a â€Å"composite entity†, in other words a team of graduate and engineer (General Tire & Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd9). Furthermore, an invention needs to be capable of industrial application which is rarely an issue. It will be analysed as such if it can be produced or used in any kind of industry, including agriculture (s. )10. Finally, an invention is patentable if not belonging to one of the excluded matter. A discovery, scientific theory, mathematical method, a scheme, rule or method of performing a mental act and playing a game or doing business are excluded (s. 1(2))11. Some others interesting exclusions exist, such as a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation, a program for a computer and the presentation of information. These exclusions are interesting because they form part of what is subject to copyright, so what is protected by copyright. Indeed, copyright subsist in original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, sound recordings, films or broadcasting and typographical arrangement of published edition (s. 1)12. As with patent, a copyright need to fulfil certain criteria in order to be granted. There is a requirement of originality that applies to literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works but not to sound recording, films or broadcast. In the case of Univeristy of London Press13, it was established that the work must not be copied from another work but should originate from the author otherwise it will infringe. If the author has spent sufficient degree of skill, labour and judgement to establish originality then his work would be able to be protected by copyright. But often there is no requirement as to that quality. Thus, there is no requirement that a work should actually have literary value (Univeristy of London Press)14, it must be more than de minimis so that single words will not be protected by copyright (Exxon Corp)15. On the same line, there is no requirement of quality or merit of music as long as the sounds are not too simple and trivial. Furthermore, artistic works need not to present any merit (Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest)16. Finally, the protection offered by copyright only protects works that have been expressed in tangible format. In order to have ownership in the copyright, it is important to be able to prove authorship, often by producing the original creation of the work. If the process to get a copyright seems to be a simple and short process the process to obtain a patent is long and complicated. A formal registration is needed, has to be done within the UK Patent Office. One could say that is to allow authors which do not belong to a large company to be protected easily with copyright as soon as they make their original work in a Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA 9 General Tire & Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 10 Patents Act 1977 s. 4 11 Patents Act 1977 s. 1(2) 12 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 1 13 University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 14 University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 15 Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 16 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 8 2 angible format. It is why copyright is an accepted theory and seen as a limited monopoly17. Such monopoly is necessary to promote â€Å"the three level of competition in modern business, which are production consumption and innovation’’18. On the contrary patent protects large companies’ invention. It is fair to require more formalities from them to obtain a protection as they are able to call large resources and facilities. Many steps have to be followed but only a brief explanation will be given as it is a complex area. The most important thing is the specification that has to be made (s. 4(2))19. The specification need to be very precise. It shall describe the invention in a clear and completed way so that the invention can be performed by a person skilled in the art (s. 14(3))20. Therefore the specification should explain what has been created, the problems that the invention solves, how the invention differs from what has been created before. It has been explained previously how the patent and copyright cover different subject, so that, for example, music is protected by copyright and the Dyson mechanism of vacuum cleaner is protected by patent. If they cover different area, they also provide protection in rather different manners. In the patent law, there are two main infringements, infringement of a process, infringement of a product by process patents and infringement of a product. There is an infringement by a party when a party use a process and when the party must have known or it must have been obvious in the circumstance that the use of the process would infringe the patent (s. 60(1)(b))21. For product patents, the intention is irrelevant (Procter v. Bennis)22. Only the patentee has the right to dispose of the product, which is interpreted mainly as the right to sell the product (s. 60(1)(a))23. Note that it does not exclude the right to sell the product at a later date, this is the doctrine of exhaustion. In the same way, he is the only one who can import the product. An infringement will be constituted if someone imports a product when in trade. The right to keep the product for disposal or otherwise is also an exclusive right of the patentee. Lastly, the most important is the right to make the product. It has been held, that modifications or repairs of a patented product could be infringement as well (United Wire)24. It is possible to compare the interpretation in United Wire to the owner's rights of a copyright over adaptations of the original work. The copyright owner of a musical, dramatic or literary work is the only one to have the right to make an adaptation of the work (s. 16(1))25. An adaptation will be interpreted as such only if it relates to a substantial part of the copyright work (Sillitoe)26. The rights over the adaptation are the same as the one over the original work. The question is what these rights are over the original work. First, copying the work is an infringement. An exact copy of the work is forbidden. If not completely identical, a two part test has been established (Francis Day and Hunter)27. Firstly a degree of similarity is required between the two works. A substantial part must have been copied, in order to establish it, a qualitative test and not a quantitative test has to be applied (Ladborke v William 17 The institutionalist theory of law, Neil MacCormick. Copyright law, Monopoly or Monstrosity, by Alan Beckley. (Butterworth and Co 1996) 19 Patents Act 1977 s. 4(2) 20 Patents Act 1977 s. 14(3) 21 Patents Act 1977 s. 60(1)(b) 22 Procter v. Bennis et al. (1887), 4 R. P. C. 333 23 Patents Act 1977 s. 60(1)(a) 24 United Wire v Screen Repair Services (Scotland) [2000] 4 All ER 353, HL 25 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 16(1) 26 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. [1983] FSR 545 27 Francis Day & Hunter Ltd v Bron [1963] Ch 587 (UK CofA) RR 207 18 3 Hill)28. Secondly, the infringing work must have some casual connection with the original work, which means that the infringing work must have some origin in the plaintiff's work. There are other main forbidden acts, such as issuing copies of the work to the public, performing, showing or playing the work in public, to broadcast the work or include it in a cable program service. It is also forbidden to authorise another to do a restricted act (s16(2))29. As seen previously, there is a wide protection for owners of copyright and patent, but in order to achieve a balance between owners and the public, some defence have been created in both patent and copyright law. In copyright law, there is a defence of fair dealing which allows research and private study only if is not undertaken for commercial purposes (s. 78)30 and only if it is for the person's own use (Sillitoe)31. Moreover, multiple copies will infringe, thus only singles copies are allowed (s29(3))32. The defence of fair dealing allows criticism or review provided sufficient acknowledgment is present which is obtained by identifying the work by its title or any description and by identifying the author o f the original work. Similar defence exists in patent law and provide protection for acts done in private and for non commercial purposes (s. 60(5)(a))33. There is also a defence for acts done in an experimental way and which relate to the matter of the invention (s. 60(5)(b))34. One of the main differences between patent and copyright is the length of protection they offer. A patent is granted for 20 years from the filing date. In literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works copyright protect the work during the author's life plus 70 years from the date the author dies. Why a difference in length between copyright and patent? As said previously, an author is protected by copyright all is lifetime because he is considered to be a weaker party. The 20 years protection offered with patent has been justified because of the time needed in testing of pharmaceutical and similar products for health and safety reason. In the point of view of a customer and the public copyright could be seen as a restriction on trade and patent as a monopoly for 20 years. It is common legal principle to say that restriction and monopoly are only justified to the extent that they are necessary to the public benefit. Lord Sydney Templeman said â€Å"patent and copyright are necessary to ensure that an inventor continues to invent and that an author continue to publish†35. 8 Ladbroke (Football) Ltd. v. William Hill (Football) Ltd. [1964] 1 W. L. R. 273 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 16(2) 30 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 178 31 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. [1983] FSR 545 32 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 29(3) 33 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 60(5)(a) 34 Copyright, Designs and Paten ts Act 1988 s. 60(5)(b) 35 Lord Sydney Templeman, Abstract Prior to his appointment to the UK House of Lords as a Law Lord. Oxford University Press 1998 29 4 Case List Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 Francis Day & Hunter Ltd v Bron [1963] Ch 587 (UK CofA) RR 207 General Tire & Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The times 21 January 1999 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) Ladbroke (Football) Ltd. v. William Hill (Football) Ltd. [1964] 1 W. L. R. 273 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. 1983] FSR 545 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 United Wire v Screen Repair Services (Scotland) [2000] 4 All ER 353, HL University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA Bibliography Holyoak & Torremans, Intellectual Property Law (5th ed. 2008) Oxford Colston & Galloway, Modern Intell ectual Property Law (3rd ed. 2010) Routledge Bainbridge, Intellectual Property (8th ed. 2010) Pearson Lexis Nexis Westlaw 5

Reaction to Persepolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction to Persepolis - Essay Example Indeed, it discloses social changes in a way which is both praiseworthy and highly innovative. Persepolis is a fiction which is uniquely different in its graphical representation. It is both interesting and funny in its anecdotes. But at the same time, it has been successful in informing the world as to how the religious revolution had impacted the common man. The post monarchy period was a turbulent time for the nation which has been much misunderstood by the rest of the world. Through the book, Satrapi has shown that even during the religious rule, the common man had same aspirations and dreams as of other countries who might be undergoing traumatic socio-political upheaval. Persepolis’ graphics are sharp and text is crisp which succinctly conveys the changes that take place in the country during and after the religious revolution. During the Monarchy, Iran was a modern country where people were free to express themselves. But revolution changes everything overnight and the very people, who used to praise the Shah turn against him. The earlier secular regime was found to be politically corrupt by new government. The friendly police, under religious leadership, suddenly became more menacing. Satrapi’s novel shows these changes and portrays society under Khomeini. It accurately reflects the social changes that had become more distinct in their threatening postures of the revolutionaries and stringent Islamic code of conduct. Most interesting has been her childhood imaginations where she aspires to become the Prophet so that she can make the world better. But she would also rather become soldier so she could defend her country when Iraq had attacked! The author has shown the passionate desire of a child who wants to reform and resolve all the social problems. At one point she says ‘I wanted to be a Prophet because.. my

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Also, a conclusion will be provided in the last section of the paper. 2. The Report Free Malaysia Today’s news report last March 4, 2013 by one of its staff James Pereira has delineated that Malaysian businesses are devoted to stipulate customers with a great service. However, Pereira inscribes that these employees are notably in minority clusters. He insists that for a firm to be recognized internationally, it must be inculcated with employees who are haunted with customer satisfaction. There is indeed a right approach to having an exceptional divergent type of employees, and for this panorama to be feasible, a scientific facet must be on hand. As such, a business to be dubbed as a predominant venture and become a successful world-class firm, it must be infused with a top-flight reputation, which can only be achieved through employees. The top-flight reputation runs the profitable aspects of a firm and the formula to attain this is: â€Å"Right Employee x Right Training x Ri ght Performance x Right Reward = Right Profits† (Pereira, 2013). Notably, having been depicted as a formula of accumulating right profits, the latter is deemed as a paragon that becoming successful is infused with a scientific aspect. 3. Performance Management Right profits are quantified by four aspects, which include right performance (Pereira, 2013); therefore, performance should be managed well leading it to become right. Performance management can be perceived in a broad or narrow context. In the broader context, the administration will be viewed in the conduct of assessing the organizational performance--the measurement and evaluation of the administration of a firm (Pantouvakis, 2011, p.13) --while in the narrow context, the assessment will be held in the performance of every employee. The first step to managing the performance is through role profiling--where employees can be coming from external staffing and internal passages, and thereby synergy must also be instille d (Storey, 2007, pp.274-276). Integrating these employees to work together and establishing the right culture of the organization can help sustain an effective synergy. The concept of integration is very significant because only in integration will rise the dominant aspect of synergy (Moulesong, 2013). Employees will perceive parity of value and unity of direction. They will somehow fathom that every entity in the organization has his or her certain role, and it matches a huge fraction or part of the measures that can assist in achieving the organizational goals effectively. In the light of synergy, employees can become more effective as they integrate them as they work individually (Tanriverdi, 2006, p. 59). The next salient thing the firm must do is to decide the measures, which should be perceived as a succinct set of information that measures the future standards or targets of the firm. Furthermore, setting the standards does not just depict expecting of what has to be done, but implementing what must be done. Diversification is a dominant aspect here since achieving one target cannot be attained with a one-sized-fits-all aspect of business. Otherwise stated, employee diversification can also assist effectiveness and efficiency of operations because one of the competitive advantages of a firm is to have a diversified personnel (Ravichandran, et al., 2009, p.233). Reviewing the performance

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE Research Paper - 1

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE - Research Paper Example Since last two three decades scientists, however, have been expressing their concerns over the over use of fossil fuels. Since coal, gas or natural energies are non-renewable and over the year’s excessive use of these fuels have caused huge depletion of these, this golden age of fossil fuel power can not run for long. Time has come to seriously think upon alternative sources of energy for the future as possession of huge amount of energy is a requisite for any kind of human civilization. Looking at the depletion rate of fossil fuels it has become quite evident that future will embrace renewable sources of energies to keep the high pace of development of human civilization. Being environment friendly these energy sources will also be able to provide mankind with a more pleasant and safe environment to live in. Here comes the importance of ethanol as it is a renewable fuel. Ethanol can be produced from various kinds of agricultural feeds like sugarcane, agricultural residues, an d wastes of forestry wood. However, sometimes, it is also produced chemically from chemical components like ethane or ethylene. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997; Srinivasan and Saravanan, 2010) The molecular structure of ethanol comprises of C, H and O and it is chemically known as C2 H5 OH. Ethane has very well defined chemical as well as physical properties. Ethanol has the capacity to be used as fuel for transportation purposes in its original form. It is also quite able to get blended easily fossil fuels like gasoline. Today, many cars are no longer using pure gasoline as the source of energy, but they are using a blend of ethanol and gasoline. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Currently, the interest in using ethanol as an alternative fuel option has increased significantly. As a result production of ethanol is also taking at a faster pace than before. At present, most of the ethanol is being produced from renewable stocks for minimizing CO2 emissions in the air. CO2 is greenhouse gas that i s responsible for global warming. The addition of ethanol to gasoline helps in the increase of the octane number in the blended fuel form and produces some changes in the distillation temperature. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Although addition of ethanol to gasoline is being increasingly considered to be an alternative of pure gasoline, there are some arguments against having ethanol in gasoline. In the presence of widespread debate regarding the use of ethanol in gasoline, the purpose of this study is to find out whether it should be right to use ethanol in gasoline. Thus the thesis statement of this paper can be presented as follows: Ethanol should be used as an alternative fuel option and it should be there in gasoline in appropriate proportion. Here some efforts will be made to check the cases for and against having ethanol in gasoline. On the basis of the findings, a conclusion will be made with respect to the thesis statement of this paper. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Arguments f or having ethanol in gasoline In near future fossil fuels will no longer rule the energy sector of the world given the alarmingly fast rate of their depletion. The golden age of fossil fuels will come to an end very soon and different sorts of other power sources, particularly renewable sources, will replace fossil fuels and also play an important role in making the environment more clear. Alcohol like ethanol has some advantages in their use as an energy source over

Financial Innovation & Risk Management of Goldman Sachs Essay

Financial Innovation & Risk Management of Goldman Sachs - Essay Example The paper tells that over the recent years, commercial banks in the banking industry have recorded dramatic losses because of risks it faces due to global crisis. This is because, in the financial perspective, risk is assessed as the tendency whereby the actual return does not match with the expected return. As a commercial bank, Goldman Sachs faces market risk, financial risk and operation risk that arise from either external or internal activities. With banks facing a crisis as a result, of risks that arise from credit exposure and interest rate position among other risks they have resolved to upgrade the risk management strategies and theories they use. Goldman Sachs is one of the banks using risk management strategies that either eliminates or mitigates some risks. In other instances, Goldman Sachs management decides to shift the risks to other parties. The risk management strategies comprise of liquidity risk management, operations risk management, credit risk management and mar ket risk management that has over the years, seen the bank remain stable during both the financial and economic crisis. More significantly, banks carry out risky business, as it provides financial services to its clients. In the banking industry, Goldman Sachs is well known as the leading securities and global investment-banking firm. It has three main business lines that it operates comprising of investment banking, asset management and securities services and trading and principal investments. Goldman Sachs is an international corporation that provides services to a substantial and diversified client base that is widely distributed worldwide. With banking institutions in over twenty-three countries, it has diversified its operations outside the United States and grown globally (Goldman Sachs, 2012). Its wide base of clients includes other financial institutions, governments, corporations, and high net worth individuals. As a result, the management of Goldman Sachs focuses on being the leading member in worldwide financial markets besides being a leading advisor of choice to its wider clients’ base. Goldman Sachs just like other financial institutions faces business and operational risks that originates from its internal activities apart from financial risk that arise from outside activities (Goldman Sachs, 2012). As a result, liquidity, market and credit risks fall under liquidity risk because it relates to the outside clients of the bank. On the other hand, legal, people, system, equity investment and external risks relate to day-to-day operational risks of the bank. At Goldman Sachs, the management and strategic risks are more likely associated with business risks within the banking institution. More than often, institutions face a financial crisis, and economic crisis that have affected Goldman Sachs bank operations just like any other banks in the industry. Nonetheless, the impact of the crisis depends on the level of risk management an organizati on has been implemented (Goldman Sachs, 2012). With the high level of competition that exists in the banking industry today, besides the existence of an open economic system that is followed by sensitive market players and other strong external influences it is more challenging for institutions to carry out efficient liquidity management plans. Goldman Sachs, as one of the strong banking institution with branches in different countries faces competition from non-banking financial institutions that has recently seen banks declining reliance on the levels of deposits because of the immense competition. In addition, the competition in the banking industry has become immense thus, affecting the global position of Goldman Sachs in the financial market. With pressure mounting up for accountability to the shareholders based on risk management, Goldman Sachs just as, many banks have resorted to ensure that it mitigates risks while efficiently managing its liquidity levels

Neo-Liberalism. How is it Related to Free Market Fundamentalism Essay

Neo-Liberalism. How is it Related to Free Market Fundamentalism - Essay Example The Roots of Neo- Liberalism The popular ideology has its roots from the Father of Economics, Adam Smith, who advocated for less government role in markets, manufacturing and barriers to trade . This and other basic fundamentals such as the productivity of labor are mentioned in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. After the end of the World War, and during the Great Depression, liberalism was highly critiqued. The high level of unemployment, and downward spiraling business activity became the major threat to the foundations of Capitalism and it was at this time that prominent economists such as John Maynard Keynes and Margaret Thatcher stepped up with their theories that questioned such matters as the employment line and government intervention. Keynes’ belief was that the government could indeed be used for the purposes of taxation and borrowing, to stimulate and expand economies rather than simply to shelter storms . The two factors economies are measured by are empl oyment determination and income distribution. Keynesianism felt that the economy would time and again result in weaknesses of employment demand generation, such as the Great Depression, and this could be cured with the use of monetary and fiscal policies. The Keynesian model would dominate Capitalist economies for nearly 35 years after the World War, introducing new institutions and unions. Although Keynesianism as an economic model rose to become accepted reality for more than a quarter of a century, it would be replaced by the contradictory policies of neo- liberalism by the end of the 70’s. The switch between policies occurred over many reasons. Some attributed it primarily to global events such as oil price shocks, and the Vietnamese war, while others have placed the divide between Keynesians over policies as a primary reason. Others believed it was due to the lack of implementation of Keynesian policies in particular borders or countries due to rising globalization at the time. But one factor that all historians agree unanimously on is the change in public opinion over the mixed economy. One writer of her time, Ayn Rand, is famous for penning down the fears of the public over extensive regulation and control in her magnum opus novel; a fictional work titled Atlas Shrugged. Whatever the reasons, an amalgamation of these factors is what led to the rallying of public opinion towards Neo-Liberalism. Amongst those who strove for this cause, the names of three economic philosophers are embedded in history- Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Robert Nozick are most relevant in understanding the views of Neo- Liberals. Each man had a different viewpoint of why there was a need for an open market economy, and each has left a mark in their own right for contributions vital to the cause. Neo-Liberalism, as an economic model, has served the economy well in that the standard of living has generally been upwards since its wide acceptance. We have also, seen the development of institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund pushing for the removal of trade barriers and a more globalized world as the by-products of this approach, and over the last half decade, we have come to observe that Neo-Liberalism has become a global phenomenon. But is this static in lieu of the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008? Are critics of Neo-Libe ralist polices correct in linking it to

Valuation Methods of Collateralized mortgage obligations Dissertation

Valuation Methods of Collateralized mortgage obligations - Dissertation Example ted For Research Study 55 Data Analysis 57 Data Analysis Technique 57 Appropriateness of data analysis technique 59 Description on Questionnaire Formulation 61 Findings of the Research (CMO Valuation Model) 62 Reliability on the Data 62 Chapter Summary 63 Chapter Four: Methods 64 Introduction 64 Research Method 64 Research Design 66 Population and Sample 67 Sampling and Sampling Technique 67 Research Instrument 68 Primary Data Collection 69 Secondary Data Collection 70 Ethical Issues 71 Chapter Five: Findings 72 Introduction 72 Overview of the Study 72 Findings 72 Research Question One 73 Degree of relationship between the yield of FNMA-supported tranches and return on the US treasury bonds 73 Effect of Projected and Market Consensus on Subprime MSRs 76 Research Question Two 77 Relationship between the yields of FNMA-supported tranches and the assumption of the prepayment speed 77 Factors influencing the term structure of interest rate 79 Review on Subprime Meltdown 80 Research Quest ion Three 80 Fundamentals of CMO valuation identified through secondary data collection 81 Research Question 4 91 Quantitative representation of the MSR Price Impact 91 Component MSR Price Impact: 91 Total MSR Price Impact: 91 Impact on Sample Residual Interest is More Significant: 92 Fixed-rate mortgage valuation methodologies 93 Benchmark method 93 Rapid approximation method 96 Rational valuation approach 97 References 98 Dedication Acknowledgments Abstract Chapter One: Introduction This proposed quantitative descriptive research study discusses the various valuation methodologies of prepayment speeds with Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO) tranches and analyzing how the prevalent valuation methods are useful in current complex economic scenarios. The objective of this study is primarily to examine the applicability of various methods of valuation for pricing the CMOs so as to determine their validity in the present economic conditions. Chapter 1 provides a broad overview o f the various facets with respect to the valuation of the prepayment speeds within CMO tranches. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations are derivative debt instruments that can be aptly defined as the claim that arises out of cash flows from large pools of home mortgages. The structure of CMO is such that once the principal and interest received from the mortgage holders it is distributed to tranches. The principal amount, the coupon rate, the prepayment risk and the maturity date differ among the tranches (Economy Watch, n. d.). CMOs are derivative debt instruments providing both retail and institutional investors the possibility of higher yields with a Standard & Poors AA

If Netflix has brought a golden age of television in America, can its Essay

If Netflix has brought a golden age of television in America, can its expansion into Europe and other markets bring a golden age for international television dramas too - Essay Example In terms of the information represented within The Atlantic, it is clear and apparent that Hollywood has effectively been able to adapt to an international scope for its films. The article also indicates that he has not been so fast. It is at this juncture that Netflix wishes to fill the void and provide original programming from a litany of different foreign nations around the globe (Thompson, 2013). However, there is hope for a high level of profitability in this sector; as the article from Slate underscores. Likewise, a hidden and somewhat unforeseen problem that Netflix faces within Europe is the fact that it must engaged with a multi-lingual region and offer a litany of different subscriber content within national borders that ascribes to the given linguistic nature of the region. Whereas the success of Netflix in the US and in Latin America is part and parcel due to the fact that these regions are defined by only two languages, the challenges faced within Europe are more comple x. Although this article is useful in representing the range and extent to which Netflix can hope to penetrate new markets, it is also limited in that it does not fully consider unique dynamics of how foreign markets could present unique challenges to the business model that Netflix has been able to exhibit to such a great deal of success so far. According to the Slate piece, entitled, â€Å"The International Language of Tube†, service providers such as Netflix are open to capitalize on a market shift that is coming to be exhibited; one in which the consumer’s frustration with traditional television corresponds to the increased demands for the shows and entertainment that this traditional technology provides (Thomas, 2014). Moreover, the article cautions that traditional TV should be highly wary of the potential for firms such as Netflix to dominate the market; due

The Indian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Indian Economy - Essay Example India was confronted with the worst possible food disasters in 1943 during the British rule. Food production was given a low priority by the British as a consequence of the hysteria which developed during the World War II. The existence of acute food shortage continued even after the British left India. Thus food security became on the issues of paramount importance on India’s agenda. This led to the Green Revolution and the emergence of various other legislative measures for ensuring that the Indian businessmen would never again hoard food for making profits (Teacher web, â€Å"Why Green Revolution?†). The period between 1967 and 1978 has been referred to as the period of Green Revolution. This primary aim was the achievement of food self sufficiency. It was a period of successful agricultural experiments in India. Thesis Statement India had famously been known as an agro-based economy which caters to the agricultural needs not only of its own nationals but of foreign nations as well. The climate and other ecological factors in India had been conducive for a variety of agricultural production even though a vulnerable one. During the post independence era, India decided to put a greater emphasis upon its agricultural segment where it had already enjoyed an edge. The sector performed in a commendable way during the first five-year plan phase but gave up to climatic irregularities 1950 onwards. The nation at that time had been in a pitiable state lacking ample food reserves as well as resources to import an abundant supply of the same. Hence, there had been little options left for the national government but to figure a permanent way-out of the same. It decided to modify the agricultural state of the nation through technological enhancements which could sustain not only the nation’s large population base but could also produce enough surpluses for export supplies. This led to a movement called Green Revolution which was characterised by sowin g of high yielding variety

Women on the Marketing Frontline Essay Example for Free

Women on the Marketing Frontline Essay This is the changing scenario of world, where globalization has an impact on the conscience of world economy. Foreign stakes in Indian Industries opened global avenues for Indian venture. Strategic planning of staffing emerged as the extreme need for the Corporate and industries, to hold the league of competition. In India few years back where every segment of the opportunities were opened only for males. Hence Indian industries tend to be called as male dominated. Today the women of India are on equal status as much as their male counterparts whether that is public or private Sector. As we know some of the sectors / fields had a male dominance but today it is on the equal anvil. Women also have tremendous opportunities in pre male dominated sector i. e. marketing. There are major firms in India opt for women presence in the field of marketing especially Pharma Marketing. Long ago when Tie-walas were the beauty of clinics and hospitals at the outside in waiting queue most earnestly than patients, is now like a shifting paradigm of this job profile in India. Now a day’s responsibility has been taken over by their female counterparts. Doctors might have some relax session after the close hours with the patients. Today it is a common sight to see a lady medical representative (MR) or lady field executive waiting alongside a group of male MRs for her turn to call on a doctor. Likewise, at cycle meetings and product launch meetings, the sight of a lady Product Executive (PE) or lady Product Manager (PM) conducting the meeting is also a familiar sight. But such was not the case two-three decades ago. Traditionally, in 1970s and early 1980s, the Indian pharmaceutical industry, like most other industries, was a male dominated industry. Girls graduating in pharmacy in 1980s were chosen mainly for quality control or packing department, while post-graduate ladies were chosen either in analytical development or formulation development or they ended up teaching at pharmacy colleges. On their part, ladies too, preferred to tread only on the tested paths and hardly dared to experiment with newer career options. In the late 80s wave changed. With more girls opting for pharmacy than boys, a few girls ventured into the unexplored terrains of pharma marketing and sales. Indian companies such as Gufic Laboratories, Unichem and Lupin Laboratories were among the foremost to give ladies a chance in the typical male-dominated jobs such as MRs and PEs. Have women done their new role in pharma marketing and sales? Now we know sky is not the limit for the females as they have been empowered by their own vital thinking, whereas experts have an interesting expression Women tend to opt for a more open environment. However, we notice that companies in general are beginning to hire women, as they prove to be far more committed, added Sanjeev Duggal, MD, NIS Sparta, an organization, which imparts sales training for companies. (Source: internet blog posted on 27 Dec. 2007) Nagpur is witness for projected growth in pharma sector where 1500 Male Representatives earn their bread and 125 female representatives exist comparatively at lower ratio level. Every year 35% male left the jobs from pharma sector. It again gets high on the female part i. e. 60%. Women mainly deprived of maternity benefits which remain matter for concern after marriage according to Shri D. G. Deshpande Secretary- MSMRA (Maharashtra Sales and Medical Representatives Association). On the other hand Shri V. S. Ranade Vice President FMRAI (Federation of Medical Sales Representatives Association of India) put his positive remark on the maternity benefits. Accordingly females are now entitled for these benefits as it was not on the list of companies agenda. This very step have brought radical change and proved helpful for the recruitment of females in the sector. In a detailed discussion with Mr. D. G. Deshpande on the female entrance and presence in the pharma sector, we came to know that their organization is concerned for working hours that should be not more than eight hours. Being a woman, security always comes first after the convenience. It is clear that job for female MRs more secured than it was earlier. It is sure that different motto can be considered while recruiting these charms towards high outcome in business. In a hectic field schedule some can find lovely atmosphere at their field work that might help to increase energy amongst colleagues. Female Representatives are welcomed by Doctors with increased interest at the detailing side of the business by these female MR. Our society even has raised their thumb as the backbone for the profession in women. Dr. Anad Asia generously made his positive statement for the work of female MR. Everyone knows male dominance as prevalent in a sector and even was the identity of the same which initially was the hurdle while Ms. Shital Analkar got selected by one of leading pharma company Cipla Protec. Shital’s family unwillingly gave their consent for the pharma job but gradually they find it more secure and even lucrative. When we thought about business it is competition make every venture more comprehensive. It is spirit get ignited when workplace cheered after the achievements appreciated, if it is crowned by female representatives. Boys even feel the heat if the stance made by a lady MR, which itself spread the sense of competition. Then it is regardless to say this has proved fruitful for organization. Mr. Anup Detharia ASM, Zydus (Cadila) gave concluding word to his responsibilities, sometimes arranged in above manner. Even colleagues expressed their amiable relationship with the female counterparts when had the discussion with Mr.  Akash Wadibhasme MR Zydus (Cadila). To get up to the doctors and made them write specific prescriptions is not an ending task of pharma marketing. After the successful detailing, retailing brings sales outcome. Concluding visit in evening with retailers distributors pave an extra way to meet the demand that created by MRs towards their sales target. It is hazardous when MRs neglect or remain irregular at this point. Once demand come into action it is necessary to be available in market sufficiently. Retailers again found that all irregularities curbed out since the presence of female MR. When drugs are prescribed it should be available with market and once it is available throughout the market it is again to be sold out in time, it is only when visits being carried out regularly. M/s Bakshe Medical and General Stores leading chemist put his expression to back up the ladies force. These female MR are the face of the company and much of what they do and sell on the field; reflect in the companys bottom-line. However, pharma companies spurt like mushrooms. Some flourish. Some vanish. While these charming messengers of life-saving drugs work, sure for their future.

Factors Affecting Population Growth

Factors Affecting Population Growth Population growth can be defined as an increase or decrease in the population size of living species including human beings. Human populations are also subject to natural process of birth and death. There has been a rapid increase in the world s human population over the last few decades (UNFPA, 2011). Unless urgent steps are taken to control population, serious problems can arise like environment damage and limited availability of food resources. Continuous population growth can be problem and therefore it is important to understand how we can manage population growth for the benefit of all. Human beings have tried to make food resources available for all the population in many ways. Starting from the industrial revolution, advances in modern medicine, and green agriculture revolution have all made us self sufficient so far. However such technology development cannot go forever and therefore unless we manage population a day may come when all resources will be finished. At present there are two school of thought for the theories on population growth. The first is the pessimistic view developed by Reverend Robert Malthus, a British scholar who believed that the resources available will not be sufficient for human beings if human population is not controlled. The other theory is the optimistic view developed by Julian Simon who believed that humans can manage the issue of population because of their knowledge and skills. Therefore this paper will discuss these two theories for population growth and their effect on the resources and environment of the earth. II. Factors affecting population growth The population growth is determined mainly by birth rate, death rate, and migration patterns (immigration and emigration). For instance the population in the developed countries like Europe and America is growing at rate of only 0.1% per year while in developing countries the growth rate is over 1.5% per year. (Wright and Boorse,2011) (UNDP). In developing countries where manual labour is still considered main source of labour, children form part of the labour force and therefore families tend to have more children. Similarly when the pension system is not good, people tend to raise more children to look after during old age. Wherever women are more educated and take lead role in household income activities, there tend to be less number of children raised. In areas where traditions, culture and customs are respected population tend to be higher due to less use of contraceptives. III. Impacts of population growth Although it may be difficult to measure the carrying capacity for humans on earth (Cohen, 1995) scientists have estimated the carrying capacity at around 7.7 billion people (Van Den Bergh and Rietveld, 2004). It is now estimated that the world population will be around 9.1 billion by the year 2050. The very high population growth has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain such population in the long run. Increasing population will mean increased demand for food, water, and other resources such as fossil fuel. The impact of population growth can be seen by everyone who care for the world that we live in. Over the last few decades there has been large scale destruction of the tropical forests mainly to make land available for agriculture and for urbanization. In order to produce enough food to meet the demand of growing population, forests have been cleared to undertake farming. Due to increased industrialization and urbanization, there has been great increase in th e pollution of air, water and the environment of the planet. Growing population will result in the depletion of natural resources such as water, fossil fuels (Hubert, 1982); deforestation and loss of ecosystems; and emergence of new diseases. It will also lead to more starvation, hunger and unhygienic living conditions in poor countries. IV. Factors affecting environment Environment means our surroundings in which all the things, living or non living, which includes atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), lithosphere (solid earth), biosphere (all living organisms), and geosphere (rocks and regoliths). Numerous factors affect our environment which includes anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, overpopulation, and use of fossil fuels. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, cyclones, landslide and floods can also negatively affect the environment. V. Relationship between environment and population growth Humans are an integral part of the eco-system of nature and there is close interconnection between human beings and environment. Ever since life existed humans have been depending on their environment for food, shelter, and other necessities. There is an inverse relationship existing between population growth and environment as overpopulation will lead to adverse effect on the environment. As human population increase, there is also increase in the demand for food and other energy sources. It is essential that the population is maintained at a level so that the natural resources are sufficient to meet the requirement for survival of all living beings. VI. Neo-Malthusian or pessimistic views on population growth Malthusian theories or pessimistic theories on population growth was derived from the ideas of Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, a British scholar who wrote series of essays on the principles of population. There were six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population (published from 1798 to 1826) in which he said that if the human population growth is left unchecked the food supply will not be sufficient to meet the needs of humans. He proposed the idea that while human population grew exponentially, the food resources grew only arithmetically. He also believed that population will be controlled naturally by disease, famine and mortality. This was called as the pessimistic model of population growth. Malthus believed in using preventive checks such as abstinence, delayed marriage and restricting marriages in order to control population growth. Some people criticized Malthus s theory based on the fact that there has been an enhanced agricultural production and reduced human fe rtility over the past few decades since the publication of his theories. However, many still believe in his theory that if left unchecked, population growth can pose serious problems for resource availability (Cristina, 2010). Neo-Malthusianism These are groups who also believe in the theories of Malthus and encourage population control programs for the present and future benefit of human beings. The Neo-Malthusians view however differ from Malthus in their belief on the use of contraceptive techniques for the birth control measures. The neo-Malthusians or the pessimistic view had more concerns about the effect that population growth would have on environmental degradation. While they supported the theories put forward by Malthus, this group of people strongly supported the idea of actively controlling population growth in order to prevent adverse impact on the environment. This pessimistic group are concerned about the effect overpopulation may have on resource depletion and environmental degradation. There has been a general revival in neo-Malthusian ideologies from the 1950s onwards especially after the publication of series of books by some Malthusian supporters such as Fairfield Osborn (Our Plundered Planet), William V ogt (Road to Survival) and Paul Ehrlich (The Population Bomb). Although many critics of neo-Malthusianism criticize the revival of this theory based on fact that the green revolution has led to sufficient food production, Pessimists such as Paul Ehrlich believe that unchecked population will ultimately lead to serious problems in the future (Ehrlich, 2009). Neo-Malthusian or the pessimistic view is more about the positive checks but Malthusian said that there is balance between both positive and negative checks. Technological or Optimistic views on population growth. The optimistic model of population growth was proposed by Julian Simon who in his book The Ultimate Resource (1981) argued that as resources become scarce the price goes up which in turn creates incentives for people to discover new source or find alternatives for the resource. Simon also claims in his book that the natural resources are infinite based on the justification that innovative methods can be used to make natural resources available. Increasing population growth and reduced resources make people to create innovations and inventions to produce more food and all basic needs. The optimistic view said that science and technology can overcome scarcity problems. Esther Boserup (1910-1999)-Danish economist said necessity is the mother of invention . So, humanity will always find a way to overcome their problems. The optimistic view also said that more people means more alternatives to find new materials and discover ways to do things. Discussion It can be seen from the above paragraphs that population growth can impact on the state of environment of our planet. Of the two theories on population growth, I support the neo-malthusian theory of pessimistic views based on the following justifications. Deforestation for agriculture If the human population growth is left unchecked, a day might come when the earth s resources will not be able to sustain the requirements of human beings. As overpopulation will demand increasing food, energy, and other resources, humans will engage in activities that will directly affect our environment and ecosystem. For instance, about 160,000 square kilometers per of tropical rainforests are cleared for agricultural use thus resulting in loss of habitat for the biodiversity (Laurance, 1999). Such loss of forests will contribute to global warming and other negative effects on environment. Urbanization/industrialization In order to meet the growing demand of increasing population, humans have been using technologies such as industrialization for enhanced production of food and other needs. Increased industrialization and urbanization results in air pollution, noise pollution, and water pollution which are all detrimental to our environment. Increased urbanization will also mean clearance of forests for construction of roads, buildings etc. which further adds to pollution. Depletion of non-renewable natural resources and emission of green house gases Uncontrolled growth of population will lead to rapid depletion of non-renewable natural resources such as fossil fuels which are used as source of energy. The burning of fossil fuel i.e. carbon based fuels, mainly wood, coal, oil and natural gas produces significant amount of CO2 which is one of the main green house gases that contributes to global warming (International Energy Outlook, 2000). The green house effect maintains the earth at comfortable temperature range but if there is excessive release of CO2 and other harmful gases from the industries and factories, the green house gases gets easily out of control and will lead to so many problems like continental drift, climate change, natural disasters and variations of sun s out put. Loss of biodiversity and habitat Due to growing population, especially in the rural areas of developing countries, people practising shifting cultivation undertake slash-and-burn techniques which results in the extinction of native flora and fauna. It has been reported that nearly 140,000 species are lost every year due to deforestation activities (Pimm, Russell, Gittleman and Brooks, 1995). Therefore, if population growth is not controlled, increasing human activities will further result in destruction of the habitat and loss of biodiversity. In Bhutan, human-wildlife especially human-elephant conflict is increasing and this is mainly due to the loss of habitat for the elephants due to increasing human population and activities (Kuensel, 19 May 2012). IX. Solutions There is a need to find solutions to decrease the problems associated with overpopulation and environmental degradation. The governments around the world should have policies to decrease the population growth rate by increasing use of birth control measures. The governments should also frame good policies to protect forests and environment and prevent loss of natural habitat. Innovative ideas and research should be done to increase food production without disturbing the environment. The governments should increase funding for education and awareness of especially the poor people for them to protect and take care of their environment. X. Conclusions In conclusion overpopulation can lead to problems in the form of depleting natural resources, environmental pollution and degradation, and loss of habitat. Therefore, urgent steps need to be taken to manage human population growth to a level that can be managed well. The theories founded by Reverend Malthus can be still followed because the natural resources available now may not be sufficient in the future if we do not control human population growth. XI. References Cristina Luiggi. (2010). Still Ticking. The Scientist 24 (12): 26. Hubbert, M.K. Techniques of Prediction as Applied to Production of Oil and Gas, US Department of Commerce, NBS Special Publication 631, May 1982. International Energy Outlook 2000, Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. (2000) Joel Cohen, How Many People Can the Earth Support? (New York: Norton, 1995) J. Van Den Bergh and P. Rietveld, Reconsidering the Limits to World Population: Meta-analysis and Meta-predictions, Bioscience 54, no 3 (2004): 195. Kuensel, 19 May 2012, Page 22. Laurance, W. F. 1999. Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis. Biological Conservation 91: 109-117. Paul R. Ehrlich; Anne H. Ehrlich (2009). The Population Bomb Revisited. Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 1(3): 63 71. Retrieved 2010-02-01. S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science 269: 347 350 (1995). Sahney, S. , Benton, M.J. Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology 38 (12): 1079 1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. Tilman D., Fargione J., Wolff B., DAntonio C., Dobson A., Howarth R., Schindler D., Schlesinger W. H., Simberloff D. et al. (2001). Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281 284. doi:10.1126/science.1057544. PMID 11303102. United nations Population Fund, 2011 (http://www.unfpa.org/swp/ ) Wright and Boorse. (2011). Environmental Science.

The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Politics Essay

The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Politics Essay The Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), is a vast alliance of 15 different countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. USSR was founded in 1924 after the end of the monarchy of the czar. It was a constitutionally socialist state. It had a single-party political system that was dominated by the communist party. USSR was once one of the worlds superpowers. But in a twist of time, the Soviet Union was dissolved. Some think that this can be averted while some believe that it was inevitable. However, the collapse of the USSR cannot be explained by a simple yes-or-no answer. So what did really cause the fall of the mighty Soviet Union in just a period of 6 years? A very complex situation and many factors such as economic problems, Soviet Union leadership and differences in the ideologies led to the dissolution of the USSR. This paper explains t he projected leading factors that paved way for the collapse of the USSR, and answer whether the collapse could be prevented or that it is inevitable. The USSR was a global superpower in terms of the military capabilities it possessed. The time was turning; the characterization of being called a superpower shifted from military and defense capabilities to economic stability and power. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev, a communist reformer, was appointed as the Soviet leader. His major reforms such as the famous Glastnost and Perestroika led to the disorientation of the USSR. James Graham stated that Gorbachevs major reforms allowed the problems of the Soviet to be revealed and become known to the public. The collapse of the USSR is an extremely extensive topic. Many different factors contributed to this historical event. Some of the major factors of the USSR collapse will be discussed briefly here: The USSR is a vast territory. The difficulties in governance, control and monitoring is very hard to accomplish. The geographical considerations are important aspects for effective governance political and economical. The Soviet Union was the worlds largest state consisting of 15 countries. It also had the worlds largest border, having 60000 kilometers (37,000 mi). According to Robert Buddan, Geography defines territory and territory is the very definition of a state. Analyzing the situation using common sense, the larger the territory, the more difficult for a government to monitor and govern the territory. Imagine 15 countries being monitored and governed by only 1 leader, it is undeniably hard. On the other hand, Curzon claimed that the size of USSR is not to be blamed for its collapse. There are always different sides of the story, understanding both sides widens the area of knowledge and makes it easier to make a stand. The ideologies of USSR are combinations of different types such as nationalism, socialism, and communism. The Soviet had a diverse combination of ideologies that made it hard to reconcile them into one dominant ideology. Gorbachev implemented structural reforms that led to the opposition of most of the popular movements in the union. Some wanted to replace the system of the Soviet into a liberal democratic system. Some wanted independence from the national republics. Some wanted the restoration of the old Soviet ways. This difference in ideologies was a very big problem then. Although Gorbachev tried to reconcile the union, in the end, he cannot make the union members to arrive into an ultimate compromise. This failure of uniting the conflicting ideologies led to the disintegration of the members of the Soviet. There is an elderly form of leadership in the soviet. Gorbachev succeeded three previous Soviet leaders in just three years. He was the first young leader that the Soviet appointed. For a long long time, the Soviet lack flexibility because of the limited use of their elderly leaders. Because of the lack of flexibility of these elderly leaders, the inability to adapt to the ever-changing world and to adapt new and different approaches on the foreign and domestic policies was very evident. The Soviet command economy and the Western market economy were competing because of the economic policies that were implemented by Gorbachev. Gorbachev implemented new economic policies that he believed will be able to improve the living conditions and the working productivity of the Soviet. Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in Beyond Oil that the Reagan administration encouraged Saudi Arabia to lower the price of oil to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit from selling their oil, so that the USSRs hard currency reserves became depleted. The Soviet economy was apparently crumbling down. The US foreign policies forced the Soviet to allot their wealth on defense such as the Star Wars program and the Afghan war. The wrong allotment of the wealth of the Soviet caused the Union to be burdened some more. Furthermore, it was reported that the reason behind the bankruptcy and collapse of the Soviet was due to the massive military spending during the 1970s. The Soviet was blinded by their former military power (Afghanistan). Anthony Arnold compares Soviet Union with a sick old man and Afghanistan as the pebble which this exhausted sick man stumbled on and fell. Rameen Moshref argued that according to Arnold, the Soviet Empire stood on three pillars: Military, KGB, and Communist party, and argues that the Afghan War ate into these pillars thus weakening them to the point of break-down. The corruption and bureaucracy in the government was rampant. Rameen Moshref quoted that At the eve of Russian invasion of Afghanistan, the rotting effects of absolute centralism and autocratic power on the national psychology [Stalinistic, old school philosophy] had resulted in corruption, non discipline, irresponsibility, and grassroots apathy, the same problems which had plagued Peter the Greats administration before the Swedish War in 1700. It was because the high officials think highly of themselves; they did what they can to be able to get money from the government. Corruption was rampant because of the kind of government that was ruling the country. This will lead to the disorientation of the country and eventually, its collapse. The lack of honest information, secrecy and propaganda led to the disorientation of the union members eventually, breaking up of the union. Lack of transparency in the government, secrecy and propaganda were rampant in the Soviet. When Gorbachev was appointed as the head of the state, he implemented the Glastnost which promoted openness, transparency and honesty. There was freedom of speech in the USSR. However, many radicals or hardliners was not in favor with this kind of system. Furthermore, the liberal press was allowed to grow and flourish in the USSR. But, in 1989, Glastnost broke free totally from his masters; it was used against its creator, Gorbachev. And as it grew, piece by piece the truth behind the Soviet was revealed to its people. The Soviet people became more and more angry because of what they are learning. Thus, government and people was at war which led to the dissociation of the government, then led to the collapse. The Soviet Union kept its existence out of this world. They had many enemies but no allies. The Soviet long before isolated themselves from the world. They didnt bother their international relations. What matters to them is their weapons. They built a massive army that eventually lost its foot hold. Cohen argued that the US attempted to isolate and contain Russia. The international and domestic policies that were implemented by Gorbachev opened the Soviet to the world that led to more weakening practices. Eventually, the Soviet was disoriented in many aspects that led to their demise. Glastnost (openness) and Perestroika (reconstruction): most famous policies of Gorbachev The Glastnost policy is the opening of the Soviet to transparency, honesty and freedom in the Soviet. It angered many radicals which led to a separation of ideals which is large. Furthermore, the Glastnost re-examined the history of the state and changed the very course of its history. Glastnost allowed the facts to be presented to the people. This information led to the anger of the masses. The Perestroika is an economic reform policy that Gorbachev implemented. The Soviet was experiencing two decades of economic stagnation, and Gorbachev saw that. He acted with the use of Perestroika. However, his insistence on slow gradual economic reforms annulled any positive effects that the reforms might have had. Graham said This reluctance to introduce meaningful free market reforms to the Soviet economy lost Gorbachev the support of the people. Those are the major issues that led to the dissociation of the Soviet Union. It can be observed that these are no simple things. The Soviet Union was in a state that was already reached it limits. It was not Gorbachevs fault that the state collapsed. He even made reforms to repair and refresh the government but these all failed because the Soviet is in a state where it is not inevitable to collapse. The collapse of the Soviet Society is inevitable because its basics are crude and not fitted in a world like ours. Its views on things are not the way things should be. Figuratively, the Soviet is living in a world of fantasy. They did not want other countries to share in their pains. They want to be isolated however, it is not a plausible thing to do. Thus, the collapse of the Soviet Union is definitely inevitable, it cannot be stopped or averted.

education :: essays research papers

Educating our Youth The Authors that we read in class all had esteemed criticism when talking about our nations education system but the one essay that stood out the most for me was about our children being more interactive with the community. Robert Coles argues that our childred need to be more respectable towards elders and be more involved in the growth of the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Respectively I think that Mr. Coles makes a very convincing argument, and that when you break down all of the other arguments, everything pieces together under one major category. Bell Hooks argues that our schools are too large and that the students need to feel a sense of surrounding in order for them to be able to learn better, Ms. Meier has a convincing argument that standardization of our school just like the ones in Europe are needed, and Linda Darling-Hammond argues that there is unequal opportunity among our schools specifically dealing with racism distributed throughout our school system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you look at Bell Hook’s argument that our schools are too large and that the students that are going to school in the city are not getting the same education as the students in the suberb’s. This argument can directly tie into the fact that yes there defiantly needs to be a more teacher to student ratio, because in every statistical analysis of the school system the less students in a class, the more comfortable the student is in his surrounding and the easier it is for the student to learn. Basically this situation can be solved by involving the student in the school, and in the community better. Solving a situation like cutting classroom size down with flooding more money into schools isn’t going to solve the way that students learn. I believe that students learn by the influence of others around them, others like their parents, their role models, and fellow classmates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t fully agree with the fact that there is unequal opportunity among students of different race, or that there need to be a standardization among grades for students like there is in Europe. The problem here in America is that kids aren’t feeling the connection with their peers. Kids don’t have motivation to learn, they see that their parents are not tied to their lives and they don’t feel that connection with the community like they are supposed to.

Hearts Under Fire in Centralia Fire :: Film Movies

Hearts Under Fire in Centralia Fire If you want a community interest story portrayed through a film, then Centralia Fire is the one. Centralia Fire relates to anyone that is connected to at least one type of community—weather it is a town, a sport’s team, or a family. No one wants to be forced out of his or her comfort zone. Centralia is a town—created in the 19th century because of the invention of coal—filled with diverse communities threatened from poisonous gas and toxin (deadly carbon monoxide and dioxide) after a trash burning fire spread underneath the town beginning in 1962 and is still under—or should I say above—fire. The documentary is about how the communities within Centralia were stripped of their lives and families from a place they called home. The producers, Anthony â€Å"Doc† Mussari and Kathleen â€Å"Kitch† Loftus-Mussari, set the tone an individual tone through no use of music or dissolving of pictures. Viewers are able to establish their own separate opinions and understandings about the community of Centralia. If dissolves and music were incorporated the message of Centralia would have been dissolved itself. If you want to know what small time life is like, then Centralia is the place where you can find the answers. You see video of town meetings where the committees disputed the inefficiency of the government’s help. There is also footage of the daily life of Centralians-riding dirt bikes, playing little league baseball, sitting on porches, or walking dogs—amongst the many pillars of pipes releasing toxins from beneath. The essence of community life was prevalent, so I agree with on of the town’s people who said, â€Å"You have to live in a small town to know how it is to live in a small town.† Doc pulls you in and makes you one of the community members within Centralia with his atmosphere exposure through not zooming. It seemed as though the film was following the lead of the television show, You’ve been Caught on Candid Camera; the interviewees and people at the town meeting had no clue there were video cameras taping them. It’s like they video camera was hidden in someone’s shirt pocket or in someone’s glass frames. I am amazed not one person in the film looked at the camera. In 2002 only fifteen people in ten homes are keeping their fires ablaze with their strong determination and love for Centralia. Even though the film was finished in 1992—30 years after the fire in Centralia began—it still picture perfectly depicts how the lives of the community members were altered forever and how their heart have been burned from the government.

THE EPIPHANY OF DIVORCE Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Logic: The art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.† Ambrose Bierce, American Writer, Journalist, Editor 1842-1914 The Epiphany of Divorce   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through much evaluation and reflection I can identify one instance in my life when my perception of the situation was far from the true reality. The ending of my first marriage and the subsequent change in my thought process has allowed me to step out of a perpetual cycle of enculturation imposed upon me by society. †¢ What did you think was going on?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I felt there were no problems with this relationship. The perception was that we were happy, everything was going perfectly or so I thought. We were building a new home, building a future together, and building a better life. I was content and satisfied with life and the relationship I was in. The marriage was idyllic, with little to no confrontation or major crises and ultimately fulfilling. Because we never had any knock down drag out fights or spoke badly of one another there was the perception that everything must be ok. We were financially secure, young and healthy and in love, well at least I was. †¢ What was really going on?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reality of the situation was my marriage was on the rocks. There was a rift developing within the marriage and I was blind to the reality. Blinded because I was working too much in my pro...

Connecting Sociological Theory and Social Issues

Running Head: Connecting Sociological Theory and Social Issues Connecting Sociological Theory and Social Issues The topic of choice is the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States and around the world. HIV/AIDS has been a main concern for the world since its emergence in the 1980’s. â€Å"The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the United States through 2009 was about 1 million cases. Worldwide, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS varies from less than 0. 1 percent to 15–28 percent of a country’s population†. (Schaefer 394)This essay will explore the three major socialization perspectives on this issue; the interactionist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the functionalist perspective. Each perspective will give a greater insight on how society reasons. The functionalist perspective is described as â€Å"a sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability†. (Schaefer 440) On the topic of HIV/A IDS, a functionalist will most likely focus on how this issue has affected health care for those infected with the disease.Without proper healthcare, there will be a sociological imbalance. So in order to bring back balance and stability, other alternatives have to be established. A functionalist will emphasize that â€Å"if established social institutions cannot meet a crucial need, new social networks are likely to emerge to perform that function. In the case of AIDS, self-help groups have organized, especially in the gay communities of major cities, to care for the sick, educate the healthy, and lobby for more responsive public policies†. Schaefer 395) On the other hand, the conflict perspective is focused on the tension that comes about with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. For a long time AIDS was seen as a homosexual, drug user, African American disease. From the conflict viewpoint this could be a reason why the government did not respond as quickly as they should have. â€Å"St udies show that African Americans and Latinos are diagnosed later and are slower to receive treatment than other racial and ethnic roups. † (Schaefer 395) However, to correct the injustice there has been new programs to reach out to minorities and those less fortunate to receive treatments. An interactionist perspective looks at an issue on a smaller scale (micro) than the conflict and functionalist perspective. The interactionist is defined as â€Å"a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole†. Schaefer 441) The HIV/AIDS epidemic on a micro level was predicted that the outbreak â€Å"would lead to a more conservative sexual climate among both homosexuals and heterosexuals, in which people would be much more cautious about becoming involved with new partners. † (Schaefer 395) However, statistics have shown quite the opposite. â€Å"People in the United States have not heeded precautio ns about â€Å"safe sex. † Data from studies conducted in the early 1990s indicated a growing complacency about AIDS, even among those who were most vulnerable. † (Schaefer 395)To conclude, no sociological perspective or approach is the precise method of viewing society as a whole. It is best to take a little bit of each perspective. Although, each perspective is different, they all depict that HIV/AIDS is a huge concern for society. If we do not continue to make progress and become lax in spreading the education on HIV/AIDS, history will have a way of repeating itself. Reference Schaefer, Richard T.. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2011. .

Pursuasive Speech Outline

To persuade. Specific purpose At the end of my speech my audience bequeath Identify 2 consequences of inebriation and wino impetuous, and also 2 safe paths you potbelly parry those consequences. Central approximation Drunk driving Is against the law and It causes misemploy to legion(predicate) mountain, tho with the right precautions, many lives can be saved. Introduction recall receiving a call from a practice of law officer telling you that theres been a alarming apoplexy due to a wino driver, and they need you to come in and name a body.We all know that sot driving is a serious topic that has killed many, exclusively yet some hushed whose to conk out behindhand the oscillation and let on not only themselves, but the new(prenominal)s that atomic number 18 on the track. Just think, how would you feel if you were to induce that horrific call? Many of quite a little have alas received this name call and lost a love unmatched due to some blockheaded decisivenesss. I myself have been through this experience. I lost my uncle to a drunk driver. He was riding his motorcycle one night, when a lady who had been drinking earlier that night, crashed Into him causation him to fly off of his motorcycle and Into a wall.The pain that my family went through was unbearable, ND unfortunately many other families have bypast through the experience. Whether youre the person drinking and driving, or youre a victim of another persons inconsiderable actions, its a problem that is much likewise common. Im here today to talk to you nearly what drinking does to you and your health, the dangers of lounge aboutting on the road while drinking, and some ways you can ensure the safety of yourself and others (if you do square off to drink).There are ten-fold ways to avoid expiry from a fun night out, to a deadly night that youll neer forget. Body l. What does drinking do to your amiable and physical health? A. According to the issue Institute on inebriant smear and Alcoholism, alcohol affects many parts of your body. 1 . Along with the blackouts and memory impairment, alcohol affects the way the brain works, which changes mood and behavior. A. This alteration makes decision making harder, which makes driving harder. 2.Drinking In excess, causes multiple problems to your heat, such as cardiopulmonary, Irregular heartbeat, broad(prenominal) blood pressure, or dismantle resolving in a stroke. 3. Heavy drinking also causes problems to your liver, such as inflation or your liver. 4. Drinking increases your chances of developing liver, mouth, throat, and other types of cancer. 5. Alcohol dam mount ups and weakens one of the close to important parts of your body, your immune system. A. eat a lot of alcohol in one occasion slows down your immunes system, even up to 24 hours after getting drunk (Alcohols Effects on the Body. ). B. Alcohol is also high in calories, which causes burden gain. C. Many think that alcohol hel ps assume stress and helps in difficult situations, but it actually increases your chances of developing mental problems. 1 . Overuse of alcohol often causes depression, apprehension or even bipolar derange (Salsas). convert Now of course If Its causation changing your Judgment, driving Is an absolute no II. every time you get behind the wheel while drinking, you risk your life, and those just about you. A. Alcohol- afflicted motor vehicle crashes represent more than an estimated $37 billion impaired driving crashes one every 51 minutes (Impaired Driving). C. Among drivers with mainstay levels of 0. 08 % or higher involved in fatal crashes in 2010, more than one out of every 3 were among 21 and 24 years of age (Impaired Driving Get the Facts). Transition Now the last thing Im press release to talk about, which in my opinion is the approximately important, is how to avoid anything dangerous happening to you or anyone else. Ill.It would be unreasonable to ask people to no t drink at all, but Just take precautions if you do stick out of having a drink or two. A. If youre going out with a group of adorers, show the designated driver position to a friend that is okay if he/ she doesnt drink that night. B. If youre by yourself and youve been drinking, call a trusted person to come pick you up. C. Never get in a car with somebody who has been drinking. 1. Offer to drive, if you havent had anything to drink. D. Be very studious and observant while driving, even if you havent been driving. ConclusionNow that Eve talked about the harm that drinking does to your health, the dangers of driving while drinking, and ways to ensure your safety I hope this encouraged you to be careful and be smart overflowing to never get behind the wheel while driving, or even get inside of a car with somebody who is drinking and driving. Some people dont gain ground how their actions can affect those around us, and that is why we still have, to this day, people dying from a n accident that could have been avoided. There are caboodle of people that care about each(prenominal) and every one of you, so enliven dont risk your entire life, for a gibe of shots and a good night.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

AbstractThe objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be more able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched wired and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and high cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process public works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy proper balance across the plant.Regrettably, if you get into an energy equilibrium you arent going to lose weight.35oC and based its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can good cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the own manufacture of ammonia.A negative energy balance could be called a deficit.

3 It is also used as a building complete block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and many plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is consider also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination keyword with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies.There are to modify your energy balance.Figure 2: Shows the global demand good for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia aggregate demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx.A weight is produced by A complete energy balance.

ProcessesThere are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for free ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best making process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief.Partial OxidationPartial further oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen.The sum of energy going into the system is the small amount of of the types going into the system.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial further Oxidation Flow Sheet)Hazards and Environmental ImpactThe main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial complete Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions empty can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea logical and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities.The energy that is either converted or stored gets within the body.

It could also affect the semi aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment nuclear plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for removable partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual industrial production of 7.Energy and material balances are extremely important in an business.In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore how there is no pollution.Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost stand alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric long ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural inert gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas old has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metr ic ton of ammonia from natural inert gas has been $30-$40.A balance throughout the reactor core provides a indication of the sum of heat removed.

It is important that this is removed miss prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. how This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the central system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably.The ProcessHydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed.Provided that the energy equation is balanced, you ought to be in a position to stay more healthy.The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These what are easily poisoned by sulphur species.The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based important catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin.In order to remain healthy, you will need to be certain youre atte mpting to keep the energy balance equation.

The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried worn out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface unlooked for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet)JustificationSteam reforming is the most viable proposition as we how have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.What you eat is one portion of their energy balance equation.Using the 2/3 great power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3C =  £355,984,702The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an high estimation without including the costs of the raw materials.Taylor MethodPay Back TimeSustainabilityThe environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally logical and globally for present and future generations.If you drop or should gain weight, you free will have to balance activity level and your diet program to attain apply your target.

These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a low temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself good will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break.Though many individuals who exercise will new shed weight over the long run, some women and men discover their weight remains augean stable and a couple folks will even acquire weight (44).For this reason, it is recommended that more stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants common use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.Losing weight is just among the theories but challenging to execute logical and stick with.