Report on Research in Accounting Practice

Question: Compose an article on research in bookkeeping practice. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying report is an introduction on the explores identifying with bookkeeping rehearses for Strong Built Construction Company on arrangement of administrators. The report manages the various parts of remuneration bundles to the officials that is essential for both the workers and businesses in an endeavor so as to accomplish the objective objectives. Conversation: In propositions for employment, significant factor for representatives and administrators is the pay bundle notwithstanding the essential compensation gave by the associations. In the given case, another Chief Financial Officer, Susan Bold has been selected in the Strong Built Construction Company looking for a methodology for pay bundle (Bromwich and Scapens, 2016). Commonly there are commonly ten components of remuneration bundle that is: Fundamental Salary Yearly or Quarterly Bonus Different Bonus Investment opportunities Stock Equity Pre-charge commitment Wellbeing perquisites Life and Accident Insurance Voyaging or Legal Insurance Other fundamental perquisites The previously mentioned components of pay bundle shift from association to association contingent upon various models like geological factor, modern factor, proficient experience and so forth. Some association may not give little pay as against their arrangement while a few associations may give more components of pay and perquisites (Van der Stede, 2016). Customary Agency hypothesis expresses the connection between people or among elements and people regarding contracts for any choices to be taken by one individual for the benefit of another person. The organization relationship happens when substance or a person as a chief recruits someone else for the appointment of a particular task in wording concurred between the specialist and head (Malmi, 2016). The key suspicions of the customary organization hypothesis dependent on the quantity of social suppositions that are worried about the head and operators while a portion of the presumptions are subject to disciplinary methodologies. One such supposition that is the personal circumstance among head and operator for which they go into the agreement. It expresses that the reason for entering the agreement is like both the head and specialists for a specific undertaking as far as concurred pay paid by the head (Lin, 2015). Another suspicion considered in the customary organization hypothesis is utility maximisers. Anyway all the operators don't think about this supposition. This supposition that is for the most part taken by the head operator relationship that are numerically scientists and the tasks which are required to be done in the scientific manners and in no different manners (Malmi, 2016). One of the significant suppositions of the hypothesis is the hazard inclinations among head and specialists. Hazard inclination supposition relies upon the resilience level of the head and specialist that is on the off chance that they are daring people, at that point they would not look for the security. Though the hazard opposed head and operators inclines toward security over dangers included ventures be that as it may, principals are viewed as detached about dangers while specialists are viewed as hazard unwilling. This is on the grounds that chief will undoubtedly pay the contracted pay to the specialists relies upon the states of his presentation (Bolton, Mehran, and Shapiro, 2015). Subsequently, operator should proceed according to the prerequisite of head, which is a hazard to him. Further, there are sure other supposition in the hypothesis is that distinction in sorts of specialists that is to order the operators for being gainful or ineffective, experienced or unpracticed and so on. Different suspicions in the conventional organization hypothesis identifies with the data and objective clashes (Danthine and Donaldson, 2015). Impact of these suppositions of the conventional office hypothesis on ways to deal with remuneration is the contracted sum, which is paid by the head to its specialists on recruiting footing and conditions relying upon the accelerations or expansion of future economy (Bolton, Mehran, and Shapiro, 2015). Outward inspiration is a conduct execution of an action, which is performed by people so as to get or procure reward or to sidestep an unfriendly circumstance or result (Lin, 2015). For instance, concentrating hard to get great stamps in the assessment, playing sports to win grants, tidying up and cleaning the room so as to maintain a strategic distance from guardians snapping and so forth. Though natural inspiration is a presentation of a movement, which includes individual, want to compensation for the wellbeing of its own as opposed to any outside remuneration. Inborn inspiration is performed for smugness and advancement as opposed to any outside pleasure or fun (Arnold, 2016). For instance, playing a game on the grounds that the movement is charming for the member, concentrating hard so as to pick up information as opposed to for achieving passing marks, tidying up the room since it is a great idea to be around cleaned condition. Aside from the distinctions, there are sure connections between the two Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivations. Despite the fact that the two inspirations are extraordinary, both are some route identified with one another, for example as outward inspiration is remotely related while inherent is inside related, both can be at the same time related (Van der Stede, 2016). For instance, an understudy likes to concentrate hard so as to pick up information which in the long run wind up getting passing mark, an individual likes to play a game and similar helps the person in accomplishing grants, an individual likes and appreciates accomplishing work which at last assistance him/her acquiring the employment. In an association, representative is the most essential factor for its development and manageability. Also, for the representatives the key property is the pay bundle gave by the undertaking. Representative remuneration is the most significant part for a companys the board as it is the method of association between the business and worker. The impact of compensation or remuneration bundle assumes a significant job in the demeanor of representative that could be either dangerous or ideal for the element. No association or organization can be a major organization without the administration of representatives be it white busted or blue apprehended subsequently it is essential to put a better than average and meriting remuneration to its workers (Lin, 2015). Representatives demeanor towards the pay bundle plays in antagonistic circumstance that is if the association is paying according to the workers want and limit, the representative will have an uplifting disposition towards its work. Be that as it may, this could be regarding higher fundamental compensation and less perquisites or remuneration or the other way around (Van der Stede, 2016). In any of the circumstances, it is significant for the endeavor to remain at standard with the representatives want. Budgetary profit by any association can be either money related or non-financial that a representative wants from its manager consequently of the work performed by them. Budgetary advantages can be base compensation or it can likewise be as motivating forces or perquisites. The timespan for the installment of the monetary advantage relies upon the arrangements of organization to organization for example the remuneration can be paid month to month in certain substances while a few elements gives quarterly or yearly installments (Van der Stede, 2016). This period for the most part changes and relies upon the size of the organization and the kind of the business it works in. On the off chance that the principle object of the element is blue, caught workers then the money related advantage installment could be a regularly scheduled installment. While, the installment might be month to month or yearly if there should be an occurrence of white busted representative and the isolation can be in other kind too. Pay bundle in an association is planned dependent on the few components like the mechanical standards, companys result and objectives, topographical elements, field of understanding, working hour sections and so on. Pay jar of three kinds Direct Financial remuneration, Indirect Financial pay and Non-Financial pay. Direct money related remuneration alludes to essential compensation for example compensations or wages, commissions, business. Though aberrant monetary pay alludes to the advantages as leaves, remittances, retirement plans and so on then again, Non-budgetary pay alludes to advancements, development, working foundation of the association (Bromwich and Scapens, 2016). In detailing of remuneration bundle, there ought to be reasonableness in regard of the business condition as it assumes a urgent job in an association (Bromwich and Scapens, 2016). The decency job can be as far as the land factor that is the area where the association is found and recruiting the workers. Another reasonableness job could be the class of work that is there ought to be equality for the representatives according to their capability and experience. The official remuneration advisory group is capable to define and audit the pay and recompenses bundles. In the assurance of remuneration bundle it is the obligation of council to give advantages to the administrators separated from the fundamental pays, in spite of the fact that it's anything but an impulse on their end. The council has the privilege of decision to give or not to give the advantage to the officials. This carefulness has been given in the arrangements of Executive Compensation Committee in light of the fact that the provision of advantages or stipends gave to the official representatives relies upon different components, which may contrast from association to association (Malmi, 2016). According to the legitimate standards, recorded organizations are necessarily required to shape and build up an official remuneration advisory group comprising of autonomous chiefs in proposal to the directorate. According to the prerequisites, an advisory group ought to have least of two chiefs that was expanded to five individuals as a result of the expansion and development in work of the board of trustees. The individuals ought to be free or non-ex

“Crossing” by Mark Slouka Essay

Trust and family connections are the two fundamental topics in the short story â€Å"Crossing† by Mark Slouka. The story informs us regarding a dad, who is experiencing an extreme period, and his relationship to his child. He needs to acquire trust from his child trough an outing in the nature however runs into certain difficulties on his way. The dad in the short story takes his child out traveling to a spot at a waterway, since he needs to draw nearer to him on this outing. We get indicates all through the story that the dad is experiencing an intense period after he separated or isolated from his significant other. â€Å"And he hadn’t been cheerful in a while.† (5). His brain shows that he accomplished something incorrectly in their relationship and that he knows it. â€Å"My God, all his different fuckups were only groundwork for this.† (135). We can inform that he cares very much concerning his child since when he gets him his moms’ the content says: â€Å"He tossed him behind him, cautious not to hit his head on the edge of the TV.† (17-18). He likewise needs his ex to see that he is being cautious with their child, so she can see that he really can make something right. â€Å"Maybe †possibly he could make this right.† (20). We get an inclination that the dad is anything but difficult to break since when he sees the stream he feels a stun, in light of the fact that the waterway is a lot greater and more grounded than he recollected that it. He really considers pulling out. As perusers we don't consider him to be an authority now since his nervousness characterizes him. We don't trust the father’s aptitudes to cross the stream with his child on his shoulders, we really dread both for the child and father. We are not enlightened particularly regarding the child yet we get an image of him being somewhat delicate. â€Å"He investigated at the small scale pants, the sweatshirt packed underneath the seat belt’s lash, the climbing boots dangling off the floor like weights.† (7-8). Perhaps he has gotten delicate and unbound as a result of the considerable number of mix-ups the dad has made which has influenced the child. The narrator’s strategy is to give little clues about something hazardous will occur. â€Å"The current was stronger.† (105). Presently the peruser realizes that something will occur and that brings the story anticipation. The storyteller is an omniscient third individual who recounts to the story from the father’s perspective. That causes us to feel compassion toward the dad. We need him to prevail with his child since we feel frustrated about him. The storyteller takes us back in time through the father’s contemplations, back to when the dad was a child and when his dad took him on a similar outing at a similar waterway. â€Å"He recalled both of them cooperating discreetly, effectively, at that point his dad creeping into the tent to spread out the resting bags.† (76-77). At the point when the storyteller makes these sorts of flashbacks it makes the perusers inspired by what the waterway can bring back in the dads heart. He has clearly had at least one effectively trips with his dad, since he needs to do something very similar with his own kid. Possibly it likewise has something to do with that he needs his child to encounter something with him that he can't involvement in his mom. In that manner the dad could show signs of improvement relationship to his child and acquire the missing trust. So the setting in this story is significant on the grounds that it implies something to the dad. At the point when the dad needs his child to cross the waterway, he needs to get trust from his child and needs to set a genuine model for his child. At the point when the dad begins crossing the waterway alon e he moves slowly and ensures each progression he takes is secure. That could be an image of his relationship to his child, and that he needs to move slowly to acquire his son’s trust after the separation or partition. At the point when he crosses second time with his kid on his shoulders he thinks it is simpler, and he can't comprehend where that snapshot of shortcoming, where he needed to pull out, originated from. â€Å"This vision of death like a passage toward the stopping point and no real way to get off or turn around?† (69). His contemplations of death and no real way to pivot could represent his nervousness of losing his child, yet that he need to continue attempting to get his son’s trust and that he can't surrender. At the point when they need to cross the stream again on their way home, the current is more grounded and it is more diligently to cross it. At the point when the dad crosses it on himself he slips on a stone however doesn't fall. As of now his arrangement about a decent and trustful relationship to his child is going to crash. At the point when he gets his child it deteriorates and they are in emergency. The dad can't see an exit from this and accuses the separ ation. â€Å"My God, all his different fuckups were only groundwork for this. This wasn’t possible.† (135-136). This implies he thinks it is difficult to fabricate an incredible relationship to his child after this separation and after the various fuckups he made. He likewise gets more weights on his shoulders on his way, which make the cop stream over at long last. We additionally get an image for that: â€Å"His left arm was somewhat drained (†¦)† (108), â€Å"Ignoring the trembling in his shoulder (†¦)† (131). The story has an open completion. They are in the stream where the dad surrenders. The weights become too enormous, and he is too powerless toâ keep up the battle for his son’s trust. All through the story the stream is an image of the father’s and the son’s relationship to one another and it is an image of the father’s feelings. For instance when the current gets more grounded it is an image of the restriction the dad meets through the excursion. The storyteller utilizes a great deal of metaphorical language in the story, particula rly correlations. â€Å"Mountains larded with snow like greasy meat.† (4). Slouka does likewise utilize different sorts of allegorical language for instance: â€Å"The grass in the yard beaten level by the rain.† (14). He gives the grass human characteristics as a development. This allegorical language makes the story progressively alive and makes the perusers need more. The storyteller is demonstrating us the story through the allegorical language and through certain discoursed in the story. When Slouka is giving us he permits the perusers to feel and see the second and that makes the story additionally intriguing to peruse. The message of the story is that trust is significant very nearly an inquiry concerning life and passing. You should consider your activities before you make them, so you don't commit a few errors which you need to make up to once more. At that point the trust will get more earnestly, even inconceivable, to get on the grounds that you have made it difficult to confide in you. What's more, on the off chance that individuals don't confide in you; at that point what is the importance of living?

How Long Does Ativan (Lorazepam) Stay in Your System

How Long Does Ativan (Lorazepam) Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Does Ativan (Lorazepam) Stay in Your System? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 27, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Wavebreakmedia / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Detection Times Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Ativan (lorazepam)?? is a  benzodiazepine  sedative used to treat anxiety and seizures. It may also be prescribed for people who are undergoing alcohol withdrawal, for nausea from chemotherapy, and for irritable bowel syndrome. It depresses the central nervous system and as a result, has risks when combined with other depressants or alcohol, including the possibility of fatal respiratory depression. Ativan is classified as a Schedule IV drug, which means that it has a lower potential for misuse and lower risk of dependence compared to Schedule II and III drugs, but its important to be aware that Ativan can be habit-forming. As a result, its usually prescribed only for short periods. With long-term use, you can build a tolerance such that larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect. Stopping Ativan after using it for a long period can result in withdrawal symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, and irritability.?? While you have Ativan in your system, it is important to understand how it might interact with other medications and substances. You need to be alert for the symptoms of an overdose or severe side effects and work closely with your doctor to avoid these situations.?? How Long Does Ativan Stay in Your System? Urine: Up to six daysBlood: Up to three daysSaliva: Up to 8 hoursHair: 30 days or longer How Ativan (Lorazepam) Works How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Ativan belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines that have sedative and hypnotic effects.?? The drug works by enhancing the effects of a natural chemical called GABA, which depresses the central nervous system (CNS) leading to a calming or relaxing effect.   Ativan can be given as tablets, liquid concentrate, or by injection. The different routes have different timetables for when they take effect. With tablets or liquids, the peak effects are seen in 2 hours. An injection of Ativan begins to have effects in 15 to 30 minutes, and it lasts for 12 to 24 hours. Ativan (Lorazepam) Precautions How Long Does Ativan Last? While lorazepam is a fast-acting drug, it has a relatively long half-life.?? The half-life of lorazepam is 12 hours, meaning that it decreases in concentration in the body by half every 12 hours. The drug is metabolized primarily by the liver and then eliminated from the body by the kidneys through urine. Ativan may be present up to nine days past the last use. If you are going to be taking a urine drug screen for employment or other purposes, be aware that it will test positive if you are taking Ativan. Disclose your prescription to the testing lab so they can accurately interpret the test results. Blood Ativan can first be detected by blood tests six hours after ingestion. Blood tests can also detect the substance for three days after the last use. However, this detection window may be longer in cases where people have been taking Ativan at higher doses for three days or longer.   Urine Ativan is eliminated in the urine for one to six weeks, depending on how much is administered and for how long. Urine screening tests can detect Ativan in samples up to six days after the last use.?? In those who have been taking the drug regularly or at higher doses, this detection window may be somewhat longer. If testing looks for the metabolite lorazepam-glucuronide, which is produced as the drug is broken down by the body, detection may take place up to nine days after the last use. Hair As with other drugs, Ativan can be detected in hair samples for much longer than with other methods. It can be detected with a hair test for up to 30 days after use.   Saliva Saliva tests have found that Ativan could be detected in samples for up to eight hours after use.?? However, saliva tests are rarely used to screen for benzodiazepines such as Ativan.   Ativan will make your drowsy while it is in your system. You should not drive or operate machinery while you are drowsy. False Positive Testing There are some medications that may result in a false positive urine screen for Ativan. The antidepressant medication  Zoloft (sertraline)  and prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Daypro (oxaprozin) reportedly can cause a false-positive urine test for benzodiazepines like Ativan.?? Always disclose any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are taking so lab clinicians can accurately interpret your drug screen results. Factors That Affect Detection Time There are a number of things that can influence just how long Ativan remains in a persons system. While rates usually follow a fairly consistent timeline, some people will metabolize and clear the drug more quickly than others. Some of the factors that can influence how long Ativan remains in your body include the following. Biological Factors Age: Older people tend to clear the drug more slowly than younger people. This is likely because older individuals have slower metabolisms, decreased organ function, lower blood flow, and other health issues that can affect how quickly the drug is processed and excreted.Kidney function: Research has found that liver impairment does not have much of an impact on Ativan clearance rates; however, kidney problems are associated with prolonged drug half-life.??Height and weight: Taller, heavier people typically clear the drug more quickly than shorter, lighter individuals. Dosage and Frequency of Use Higher doses of Ativan take longer to metabolize. The drug is also detectable for longer periods in individuals who have been taking the drug for a longer period of time. Use of Other Substances The concurrent use of other substances can have an impact on how quickly each substance is processed and excreted from the body. For example, research has found that consuming alcohol while using Ativan reduces clearance rates by 18%.?? Researchers believe that short-term alcohol consumption impairs the coupling of the drug or its metabolites with other molecules, which slows the metabolism process. How to Get Ativan Out of Your System Ativan has a relatively long half-life and, like other benzodiazepines, its use can lead to physical dependence. If you do decide to stop taking Ativan, always talk to your doctor first. You should only stop using lorazepam under the supervision of a medical professional due to the potential risk of severe withdrawal side effects. Once you have safely stopped taking Ativan, there may be a few things that you can do to speed up how quickly the drug completely clears your system. Because Ativan is excreted through urine, staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids may slightly increase how quickly the drug is removed from your system. Symptoms of Overdose An overdose with Ativan is most commonly seen when taken with alcohol or opiate medications like Vicodin (hydrocodone) and OxyContin (oxycodone).?? This combination can be life-threatening, and it is important that your family or household members know what symptoms to look for so they can get emergency help quickly. The signs of an Ativan overdose include:?? Unusual dizzinessLightheadednessExtreme sleepinessSlowed or difficulty breathingUnresponsiveness If you suspect that someone has overdosed on Ativan, call 911 immediately.   Precautions You risk serious breathing problems, sedation, or coma when you take Ativan with alcohol or other medications that can depress breathing. Some things that you can do to prevent accidental overdose or other complications: Do not use alcohol while taking Ativan.Do not take any street drugs as they may contain substances that can depress your breathing.If you are breastfeeding, be aware that this drug passes through into your milk and may affect your baby.If you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant, discuss this with your doctor.If you are depressed or have suicidal thoughts, Ativan should be avoided.Older people may experience more effects of Ativan and often are given lower dosages; these people may be more affected by drowsiness and need to take appropriate precautions.Cigarette smoking or using tobacco products can reduce the effects of Ativan.If you take or plan to take any opiate or opioid medications, discuss them with your doctor as they can result in a life-threatening reaction with Ativan. These include medications with codeine or hydrocodone (such as for a cough or pain), fentanyl, hydromorphone, Demerol, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and tramadol. Discuss all medications (prescription and over-the-counter), supplements, vitamins, and herbal products you take with your doctor as you may need dosages changed when you have Ativan in your system. Always tell your doctor whenever you plan to start a new medication or stop using one. Getting Help If you need help stopping Ativan use, start by talking to your doctor. Physical dependence can occur even if you take the drug exactly as prescribed. Quitting Ativan suddenly can be dangerous or even life-threatening due to the increased risk of seizures during the withdrawal process. You must be monitored by a medical professional as you go through the detox and withdrawal process. In most cases, you can detox from the drug on an outpatient basis. There are no medications approved to treat Ativan dependence, but the standard approach is to slowly reduce the amount of the drug used over a period of time to prevent severe withdrawal symptoms. Your doctor will monitor your progress as you slowly taper off of the drug. Your doctor may also recommend other treatments such as psychotherapy. Types of psychotherapy that may be used during drug recovery include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy.  If you need help with your treatment, ask your doctor to refer you to a psychiatrist or another mental health professional who specializes in addiction recovery. You can also call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) at 1-800-662-4357 or use their online treatment locator to find providers and treatment services in your area. Benzodiazepines: Addiction and Dependence

Motivation, As The Causes Of Our Behaviour - 1644 Words

Motivation Introduction Mitchell (1982, p.82) describes motivation as â€Å"the degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specified behaviours†. Hence, in general, behaviour is determined by certain motives, thus, Vroom and Deci (1992, p.33) considered motivation â€Å"as the causes of our behaviour†. Moreover, according to Mullins (2013, p.245) motivation is concerned with question â€Å"why do people do what they do?†, because motivation is an inner driving force which leads to particular action to achieve some aim and fulfil some need. In other words, Chartered Management Institute (cited in Mullins, 2013, p.246) observes that, â€Å"the aim of management is to give people what they really want most from work†. Motivation is a complex subject and traditionally has been cast as an individual phenomenon, because, the uniqueness of each individual is a reflection of different needs, values, attitudes and goals. In that case, Mitchell (1982, p.81) assumes that all of the main motivational theories allow in one way or another for uniqueness to be demonstrated. Furthermore, different theories of motivation purpose different reasons but almost all of them emphasise an individual and intentional choice of behaviour analysis. As a consequence, Handy (1999, p.29) stresses that if individual behaviour could be analysed and understood, then the individual motives could be predicted and could be influenced. However, no certain formula exists. On the other hand, even theShow MoreRelatedTheories of Motivation1011 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of Motivation Arousal: * A person’s state of alertness and mental and physical activation. Arousal Theory: * People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. * The optimal level is different for all of us. 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Washington Naval Disarmament Treaty

A Interview With A University - 1544 Words

Professor Klein has instructed our class to conduct a research interview with a tutor from a different University. I have had the opportunity to work with Georgia State s one of a kind writing tutor, who is also an upcoming graduate student, graduating from Georgia State himself. The purpose of this interview is to conduct a study with a writing tutor, and take notes of their point of view about the process of writing, the change in perception, and the versatile ability to assist all students. Once I arrived at the Georgia State Writing Studio, I was welcomed with open arms ready to conduct my research interview. Before starting the interview process with Mr. Shelat, I first took notice of his attire, he wore a shirt, tie, and a nice†¦show more content†¦However, I progressed and made sure that even with a little noise I was determined to finish my interview. As the interview begins one of the big questions I asked Mr. Shelat is could he describe a step by step process on ho w to guide students when they re having trouble writing? The first thing he does is to allow the students to talk about their ideas, he sits and listens to what the students want. In doing so he listens to their ideas as he jots down notes that he can use for brainstorming, concepts, and arrows to indicate problem solving. This technique is mentioned in the â€Å"Oxford Guide for Writing Tutors† with the help of Donald Murray who is a writing instructor. Murray encourages tutors to have a writing process when working with students, â€Å"he believes that tutors should allow the students to express their ideas while the tutors remain silent and listen to the student’s ideas† (Ianetta 30) In the Murray article of â€Å"Teach Writing as a Process Not Product†, the article touch basis on how tutors are trained to teach literature and writing to their students. 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Hung Nguyen Essay Example For Students

Hung Nguyen Essay ENGL 20803 Dr.Lacefield Unit 4 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, based on the 1922 short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is an American fantasy film directed by David Fincher in 2008. In the movie, Benjamin Button, played by Brad Pitt, is a man who was born as an elderly man but gets younger throughout time. His story is narrated in a New Orleans hospital, where his love interest throughout his life, Daisy Fuller, played by Cate Blanchett, is living her last moment. Infant Benjamin with a terrifying appearance was left by his father outside of a nursing home, where he was adopted byMs. Queenie. From there, he grewup and methis love, Daisy, for the first time, when shevisited her grandmother. The entire movie tells us about Benjamins unusual reverse aging adventures, his relationship with Daisy, and the people around him, which portray an incredible life he has. Over the course of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, David Fincher explores the philosophy of Sartres conflict with the other, Heideggers being toward death, and Hamlets three existential conflicts. The Sartres philosophy is mentioned throughout the movie in not just main characters life but also others.This philosophy consists of authenticity and how we define ourselves in response to others(Lacefield). The first half of the movie revolves around the life of Benjamin, who grewup in an elderly man appearance but with a soul of a youngster.Even though the doctor diagnoses that Benjamin will die soon,he manages to grow up and live his life, contrary to everyones expectation. He wants to go out and discover the world; but he cannot walk,so heusescrutches to help him.When he is able to walk, he doesnot let his physical condition prevent him from going to the bar, having a wild night, and getting the job of as a sailor. This period has been portrayed successfully with the skillful acting, make-up, and computer-generated imagery (CGI) that representthe authenticity perfectly. Brad Pittportrays the psychological process of how a teenagers thoughts hidebeneath that elderly look, how th e child cannot understand what is wrong with him and suffer great pain, and how Benjamin stays true to himself even withothers prejudice about him.Besides Benjamin, the director also develops Sartres philosophy in other characters lives.When working as a sailor, Benjamin hearsaboutthecaptainsdream of becoming an artistand how his father insulted that childhood dream. The captain then undressesand shows Benjamin his body filled with tattoos, presenting that he had pursued his dream and became a tattoo artist. The philosophy says that The Other is often an obstacle to my authenticity and we define ourselves in responseto others (Lacefield).Because the captains father was the obstacle between him and his dream, it becomesthe motivation for him to keepfollowing this dream. He learnsto be both a tattoo artist and a sailor, in order to define and response to the others who he really is. Besides Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger is also a philosopher whose ideas about death are explored in this movie. Heidegger says that our mortality is a fundamental aspect of our existence, and we must recognize the implications of our own mortality in order to live most authentically(Lacefield). In The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Benjamin has a period living onthe sea in the World War II, where his ship encountersa submarine of the enemy. After the fight, he is one of the only few people left who are still alive. He realizesthatdeath seemsto be natural in war. In his conversationwithMs. Queenielater, his mother seesin his eyesthe pains Benjamin haswitnessed. However, she also seesthe joys in his journey. In fact, the pains that soldiers suffer in war is often the motivation for them to live a better life. Heideggers theory talks about the reason why we should think about death is to realize that your time to experience thing in life is limited; therefore,thinking about deat h helps you determine your most authentic priorities. Because of that,Benjamingetsin the relationship with Daisy and startsliving a full life with the heritage from his fathers button factory. Even after leaving Daisy and wandering in India, he still appreciates his youth time, which isgoing to end, by feeling things he had never felt before, meeting people with different points of view, and having the strength to start all over again whenever he fails. To create such experiences, the filmmakers have used special movie techniquesto represent his time in India. This part of the movie is a series of short videos in which Benjamin livesa poor but free life. His narration of his thoughts and the filter which makes this part of the movie look like an old low-quality documentary not only create a sense ofsorrow for a manwho is running out of his youth time, but also help audienceunderstand his appreciation for these experiences. Moreover, besides the main plot, the producer also uses Heid eggers philosophical idea in a small detail that only appears atthe beginning andatthe end of the movie. It isthe construction of the clock which runsreversely in the central of the subway station. This clock is to memorize the death the clockmakers son who died in war. At the end, this clock, replaced by an electrical one, liesdown in a storage but still runsreversely, reminding us to think about death. The way director delicately puts this detail in the introduction and at the end leavesthe audiences with strong emphasis about the philosophy of Heidegger. .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .postImageUrl , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:hover , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:visited , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:active { border:0!important; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:active , .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65 .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0fa84590ed72487c5ef33478758cb65:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Sexuality Essay Another theory that can be seen in the movie is the Hamlets Three Existential Conflicts, which are to exist or to commit self-destruct, to be what others desire or to be who one authentically wants to be, and to be one self or to be a different self. The existential philosophy seeks to help the individual find an authentic narrative or life-script while also acknowledging the unresolvable tensions in each of the three dichotomies(Lacefield).These conflicts are portrayed in different storylines in the movie. Daisy growsup and becomesa famous dancer who travelsaround the world to perform. At the peak of her career, she getsin an accident in Paris andhas to end hercareer. WhenBenjamin fliesto France to visit her, Daisy harshly askshimto leave because she isstill in shockthat her career has ended.She seemsto commit in a self-destruction, leaving everyone she loved and feeling the darkness overwhelming her. However, the thought of existence wins over the darkness and she comesback to America, fallsin love with Benjamin, and opensa dancing class for children. Not only relatesto the first conflict, this story also connectsto the conflictbetween self and other. Daisy is expected to live a life of a housewife with such injures, but she still decides to pursueher passion asa dancing teacher. The director, David Fincher, has a unique way to illustrate theregret of Daisy. She flashbacksachain of related events that hashappened before the accident and wishesif anyof them occurred differently. By doing this, the director stimulates the heartbroken feeling in the audience for Daisys fate. Apartfrom Daisys conflicts, there is an inner conflict i nside Benjamin when he knows his loveris pregnant. On one hand, he can be happier to become a father, to love and take care of his daughter.On the other hand, he understands that he is aging reversely and someday he willput the responsibility on Daisy to raise both him and their child. At the end, he decidesto leave all the money for Daisy and goesto India. It is a hard decision for Benjamin as he putshis family above him. In conclusion, The Curious Case of Benjamin presents many existential ideas and teaches the audience a lesson of life appreciation. These ideas describe the way people decide and live in different circumstances. Throughout the life adventure of BenjaminButton, the stories of himand other characters have made great impacts on the audience, encouraging them to appreciatetheir lives more. Work Cited Lacefield, Kristen. Hamlet and Existentialism.TexasChristian University,n.p, May 12, 2017.

Violence Dont Play That Game Essays - Video Game Censorship

Violence: Don't Play That Game? Violence: Don't Play that Game? A while back a senator said that violence in computer games is completely outrageous and is amazingly influential on our youth. We'll just randomly choose a name by which to call him and randomly choose a state that he represents. We'll call him Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut. Oops, that seems to be his real name and state..... Anyway, Joe believes that violence is simply appalling and that games should not have violence. Well, here are my reasons why violence is not bad in computer games: people are not persuaded to commit amazingly bloody crimes by them, there are ratings on games, and also, movies can have all the violence they please and the rating can justify it all. Let us examine these. Many people would say I am wrong about this one. I say violence does not affect people that much when they are playing a game. I hope that our species has evolved enough to tell the difference between a 15 screen full of pixels and the real world. I hope they realize that the violence on these screens is quite fake, and that in the real world this violence will not be put up with. What is that I hear? It desensitizes people to violence. Let us take a look at this. You've been playing violent computer games since you were five. Violence no longer affects you. Are you going to take a gun to someone's head just because violence is no big deal to you? You probably will not. I can hear Joe now. Mechwarrior 2 is violent and should not have all this violence. Now, if you are familiar with Mechwarrior 2 then you know it is a game that you play as a robot destroying other robots. Little Billy sees this and decides he'll get dad's robot out and do some damage. There is a reason for you right there why game violence is not that persuasive. A lot of it is not completely real. Furthermore, violence has been in movies for a lot longer and children have not been too influenced by it. Eighty-seven percent of violent crimes are committed by adults. Do you think all this violence is really getting the kids to become more violent? Now, people probably are not convinced yet. You are saying little Billy, 5 years old, in this state of complete malleability will play monkey see monkey do (I put this in quotation marks because of how demeaning it is calling people monkeys, but I lack a better saying so I used it) and take dad's shotgun to a buddy and blow him away a la Quake. This is why games have ratings. You know, those little rectangles that say T for Teen rating because of violence, gore, vulgarity or what-not? Yes, contrary to what you might have heard, that is a rating. It means that if parents are responsible they will not let Billy get Quake. If you happen to have games that are not appropriate for your kids you are not out of luck. Daggerfall has parental controls and password protection to keep your kids from seeing the violence. Many companies do this. It's another way moldable young children are protected from violent games. I have one last point to make. Sen. Lieberman finishes his press conference that bashes computer game violence. He then takes a walk to the local theater and purchases tickets to take his 10-year-old to see Saving Private Ryan . Do find anything wrong with this picture? He accepts violence in one form but completely denies it in another form. Movies have ratings to protect children from violent content. They can get away with anything and it has not really affected kids in the past. Then a new form of expression, computer games, pops up into the picture. Now people are saying the violence is overbearing when really they are ignoring the fact that the everyday news has more violence than your average computer game! Take into consideration movies and then the violence in computer games is greatly dwarfed. Well, Joe, did I miss anything? Computer game violence does not seem to affect people; games do have ratings, and there is already so much violence on TV and in society that the violence in computer games is not adding too much to the equation. I think that if you are

Free Essays on Dylan Thomas Analysis

such as dignity, honor, wisdom, and integrity were strived to achieve. Now these virtues seem to have been swept under the rug. Dylan Thomas saw that it took work, blood and sweat to become the man that his father had become. He believed his father deserved the up most respect for the things he had endured through his life, because no one knows a father quite like his son. Despite the hardships Thomas’ father trudged through from day one, death is too deep to fight. The fact that his father is not as full-bodied and strong willed as before angers Dylan Thomas and in ‘Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† he pleads his father not to pass away in this weakened state. It is as if his father has forfeited his life because the fight against death is too difficult. Since he has most likely never seen this side of his father is bothers him deeply and at least begs him to fight until the end. Before directly addressing his father, Dylan uses three different types of men as evidence that it is not hard to fight death and to stay strong through his last days. In the first stanza Thomas makes the initial plea to his father not to go gently into the good night. Then he personifies old age and says that it should â€Å"burn and rave at the close of day† which means to â€Å"bitch and whine† at the end of his life instead of giving up, according to Linda Sue Grimes a classic poetry aide. This poem is written in the form of a villanelle, and the purpose of this is to get a simple message across using repetition and few rhymes. Also, in the first stanza Thomas uses the light as a symbol for life, which is a universal symbol in poetry. In the second stanza, again trying to convince his father ... Free Essays on Dylan Thomas Analysis Free Essays on Dylan Thomas Analysis Dylan Thomas Analysis In the twentieth Century things were different from now. â€Å"Men† was not just a word referring to a male out of high school. One could go his whole life without ever really deserving the title of â€Å"man†. Also, other words such as dignity, honor, wisdom, and integrity were strived to achieve. Now these virtues seem to have been swept under the rug. Dylan Thomas saw that it took work, blood and sweat to become the man that his father had become. He believed his father deserved the up most respect for the things he had endured through his life, because no one knows a father quite like his son. Despite the hardships Thomas’ father trudged through from day one, death is too deep to fight. The fact that his father is not as full-bodied and strong willed as before angers Dylan Thomas and in ‘Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† he pleads his father not to pass away in this weakened state. It is as if his father has forfeited his life because the fight against death is too difficult. Since he has most likely never seen this side of his father is bothers him deeply and at least begs him to fight until the end. Before directly addressing his father, Dylan uses three different types of men as evidence that it is not hard to fight death and to stay strong through his last days. In the first stanza Thomas makes the initial plea to his father not to go gently into the good night. Then he personifies old age and says that it should â€Å"burn and rave at the close of day† which means to â€Å"bitch and whine† at the end of his life instead of giving up, according to Linda Sue Grimes a classic poetry aide. This poem is written in the form of a villanelle, and the purpose of this is to get a simple message across using repetition and few rhymes. Also, in the first stanza Thomas uses the light as a symbol for life, which is a universal symbol in poetry. In the second stanza, again trying to convince his father ...

Consolidation and Reflective Statement 350 words Coursework

Consolidation and Reflective Statement 350 words - Coursework Example My success formula is simply doing exhaustive research, privately going through the learning materials repeatedly, and later endorsing the read information through discussions. I comprehensively researched and answered all questions in the online library and career service quiz correctly. The discussion skills I perfected enabled me to work effectively on the workshop group blog. Additionally, the discussions equipped me with all-round information applicable in the evaluation process in a workshop group wiki. To complete the portfolio, I worked essentially by discussing with people, and deliberating many internet materials, journals, books and some materials that had been done by other students relating to the topic. Difficulties were imminent because I had not been involved in any research of such magnitude during my previous education, which was mostly based on question and answer. Time was a challenge because extensive researching needs relatively longer duration. To overcome the challenges, I sort help from a number of people who guided me on how to gather information perfectly. In the same way, I used various applications to create work schedules and manage time. In overall, this was a very educative experience. It offered an opportunity for practically experiencing working under different scenarios. I developed a number of skills and knowledge in the process. For instance, now I am a better timekeeper and a good portfolio manager. Above all, I established a critical mind, which will be of great assistance to me throughout my life and professional

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay Example Archeology, through  cultural-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents various theories that aim for the â€Å"recovery, restoration† and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning about the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the living or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they belong to, are performed by the living for the dead; therefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which seem to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeologic al theory, which have led to the discovery and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their own unique orientation and goals that further help in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological approach developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to various beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called â€Å"New Archeology,† or processual archeology, and its focus was to make studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical analysis such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to archeological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was known as post-processual archeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a perfect approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathe rs. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. Culture is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

India in the New World Order as Regional Power

India in the New World Order as Regional Power INTRODUCTION Background 1. Dramatic changes at the global level have initiated a process of reorientation of the power distribution in international politics. The changes initiated with the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR ), the unification of Europe in pursuit of an identity of its own ,a sharp decline of communism has set in a process of transition in world affairs, the sudden rise of asian countries mainly China, India ASEAN Bloc, emergence of resurgent Russia and establishment of new economic power blocs like the G20,BRIC RIC. The emergence of USA as the sole super power and its global war on terror have changed the security scenario for all and sundry. The existing obscurity has given rise to new opportunities, new speculations and new considerations regarding power distribution. A gradual shift from a geo-political world order to a geo-economical world order has come to stay. There is no doubt that any future order would have the considerations such as comprehensive na tional power to incl Economy and the power it wields albeit indirectly, at the centre of any international power game. 2. Global shifts happen rarely and are even less often peaceful. The transfer of power from west to east will dramatically change the context of dealing with international challenges. In the early 20th century the imperial order and the aspiring states of Germany and Japan failed to adjust to each other. That led to wars which devastated the better part of the world. The coming shift in power will have a greater impact globally and will require assimilation of diverse political and cultural systems. Todays rising powers seek redress of past grievances, are proudly nationalistic and want to claim their rightful place in the comity of nations. Asian rise in economic terms will translate into greater political and military power, thus increasing the potential damage from conflicts. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair has noted that In the next two decades China and India will undergo industrialisation four times the size of the United States and at five times the speedFor the first time in many centuries, power is moving East. Blair added that In this new world, we must clear a path to partnership, not stand off against each other competing for power. The worldcannot afford a return to the 20th century struggles for hegemony.[1] 3. India being a part of this evolutionary and revolutionary economic process needs to apprise herself of these changes and redefine: if required, her goals and objectives to emerge as a reckonable force from the present mesh of contradictions and complexities. The term reckonable force can be redefined as regional power when one views Indias prospects vis-Ã  -vis her size, geo-strategic location, abundant natural resources, size of economy and military capability. The Indian nation is not just a nation, but a subcontinent. Being a subcontinent not only in size, but by its population which is in excess of One Billion, sets it apart in a World with a total population of a little above Five Billion means that in every Five Human being on Earth one is an Indian. It is on record that the Indian Armed Forces is the Fourth Largest in the World. India has since the past Twenty Eight years been exerting her influence in the South Asia sub-region. Thus India has functioned for over half her period of independence as a regional power. It is instructive that given the New World Order in which the US is about the only Super power, it is pertinent that in order to maintain the Balance of Power, that Nations like India with a long period of History devoid of expansionist propensity, should emerge as a Super power to enhance the balance of power in the South Asian sub-region, and the World in general. 4. The Indo-Pak conflict of 1971 leading to the emergence of Bangladesh, peace keeping operations in Srilanka, quick repression of an attempted coup in Maldives, deployment of Indian navy in Gulf of Aden and involvement of India in various fora both on strategic geopolitical stage provide ample evidence that India possesses many of the attributes of a regional power. The emergence as a knowledge economy and as a Human resource powerhouse, make India a force to reckon with today and strong vibrant economy in future. In the recent past, India enhanced role in plethora of world fora and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and subsequent ratification by Nuclear Suppliers Group IAEA. However, in some areas like all round economic development, poverty, population explosion, literacy rates and foreign policy to some extent, India is lacking at the moment. For India to emerge as a regional power, these unfavourable areas need critical attention and reappraisal. The Indian economy is growing at an av erage rate of 8 per cent a year. Most Indian and foreign observers are confident that India will sustain this tempo of growth in the near future, and will go on to become one of the worlds leading economies and a global political power in 2020. A few voices draw attention to the tremendous economic, political and social challenges facing India that the country must overcome before it can lay claim to being a world power [2]. Statement of the Argument 5. A countrys role in the international system is not a random occurrence or a result of an accident ; but is basically a function of its power position in the international hierarchy. To have a Subject Role in international politics is to be a part of the power structure that makes vital decisions about the fate and destiny of the international system and the nations within it. The Object Role nations are at the receiving end of the decisions made by the subject role nations. A third in-between category is that of an independent centre of power. These nations do not have the leverage to influence the course of the international system as a whole, but do possess enough capability to have, within a given configuration of power, a considerable degree of autonomy and the capability to resist the application of unwelcome decisions. While subject nations have global influence, independent centres of power are often dominant or pre-eminent in a certain region. They may, therefore may also be referred to as Regional Powers . Typically a subject nation resists the emergence of a regional power; for to accommodate others to a similar role is to diminish ones own power. The tendency is to extend ones own power and exercise domination over others so as to reduce the emerging regional powers to the status of a mere object nation.[3] 6. India gained pre-eminence in South Asia in the aftermath of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 but more recently with the steady economic growth and growing international stature have made it a power centre in South Asia. With the recent changes in the world politics and diffusion of power, countries with regional prominence have come to possess a great capacity for asserting their regional pre-eminence. In this context, India has the capability and the potential to be elevated to the status of a regional power. An analysis of various factors in the light of international power structure would facilitate the prognosis of the status India is likely to achieve by 2020 AD. Aim 7. To assess Indias potential in the new world order so as to forecast the prospects of India emerging as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Justification for the Study 8. Ever since gaining independence in 1947, India has moved slowly but steadily towards its role as a regional power . Historically India has been the seat of famous ancient civilisations. It invokes memories of past greatness, though episodic; and of epochs of creativity, not only in Philosophy and Literature but also in Science and Mathematics. The fact that the last several centuries saw India under alien rule only makes aspirations in the restoration of greatness all the more deeply felt[4]. Indias influence in South Asia in particular and the world in general, is beginning to emerge. A study of various factors that would aid Indias emergence, as well as various impediments that retard this process merit analysis. India is a fast steadily developing country and stands among the top few industrial nations in the world and has a rapidly growing industrial sector. Although poverty, illiteracy and health deficiencies are some of the vexing problems, yet only few nations have larger pools of trained professionals, scientific, technological and executive talents than that in India. 9. India, as a nation is about over half a century old. In this period of her independence, she has exhibited character and pedigree. She was instrumental to the creation of the Non Aligned Movement in the cold war era. She has on the issue of Nuclear Non proliferation taken a consistent stance even though this posture has met with the ire of the developed world has not deterred her. This attitude was demonstrated by her refusal to sign the CTBT. It is on record that it took her more than a quarter of a century to carry out a follow up nuclear test. This could be placed at the doorstep of the fact that her good neighbours China and Pakistan have continued to arm themselves with these offensive weapons. India in her nuclear policy states that she would abide with the principles of no-first strike, nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone of that policy. And to continue to advocate for a ban on nuclear weapons like the type achieved on Chemical and Biological warfare weapons and the ban o n use of land mines. These stated positions have recently been understood and appreciated by the entire world polity and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and its subsequent ratification at Nuclear Supplier Group International Atomic Energy Asssociation have largely vindicated Indian stance on these issues. The engagement involvement of India in G8, BRIC, RIC, ASEAN, IBSA in the geopolitical arena. The positions on WTO Climate change are also a case in point for growing stature of India on world stage. 10. The Information Technology IT propels the world of technology. In this field India has demonstrated outstanding abilities. In the Silicon Valley of American, it is reported that 60,000 Indians operating there could collectively boast of assets worth more five hundred billion dollars. This is no mean achievement. Its effect on India is the collateral development of the Asian Silicon Valley in Bangalore, Karnataka. In the field of IT, the Indian nation has arrived. For this simple reasons her Engineers and Technologists are being sought across the globe. This is not to talk of the influence of Indian businessmen, in other continents like Africa, where they command an imposing stature in the fields of Textile technology and Pharmaceuticals. Indias stature as an IT Knowledge base powerhouse is a major factor in its rise at the world stage. India is a single democratic political entity, though slightly marred by development problems and religious regional strifes varying from state to state. In view of the existing fluidity in the Asian region following the global paradigm, shift in the power distribution and the present status of India, an attempt to foresee Indias evolution as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 would be relevant. Scope 11. The scope of this paper would be limited to analysing various factors governing the emergence of India as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Indias performance as an independent state would be given a brief overview along with her present status in the region. Preview 12. To analyse the future, it is essential to critically evaluate Indias power potential as well as the impediments enroute. India has inherited a volatile, ethnic, religious and social mix that generates strong cross-currents of tension between the states of the region. Added to this are the domestic under-currents of religious fundamentalism, communal tensions, demand for autonomous/ independent states and inherent problems of a multi-lingual and multi-racial society. 13. Indias quest for the regional power status in this turbulent environment is underwritten by an increasingly open and vibrant economy and a Military Industrial complex that stretches deep into the bureaucratic structure of the nation. However, Indias attention has been focused more on the problems associated with its immediate neighbourhood and on nation building, than on the Indian Ocean region, let alone the world. Its ironic that while on one hand it is the problems of the neighbourhood that have largely driven Indias military build up, on the other hand it is these very problems that continue to limit its strategic reach. It is this combination of a drive for a great power status and intensifying regional and national problems that pose a number of questions about Indias future. This paper endeavours to answer some of these questions. Source of the Data 14. The source of the data are the various books in the college library, various magazines and articles written by various people from time to time. Internet was also used for collection of data and articles. Bibliography is attached at Appx A. BRIEF HISTORY 15. The colonial powers that ruled India for centuries, apparently visualised her potential and attempted to undermine it through a process of gradual disintegration. Formation of Pakistan is one vivid example of such designs. After independence, the citizens of India have displayed remarkable resilience to destructive forces. Despite impediments like poverty, corruption, ailing bureaucracy and population explosion, India has made significant progress in various fields to incl education, manufacturing, knowledge based industry, IT, space technology, pharmaceutical industry. Today India ranks among fastest growing economies of the world and IT Knowledge based industry powerhouse. 16. In the past sixty years after independence, India has acquired great maturity and realism in the management of its strategic environment albeit with considerable pain and sacrifice. Indias posture has been based on a realistic assessment of its capabilities. It projects a defensive, progress oriented stance rather than an expansionist or a hegemonistic stance. India has continued to follow and propagate the ideology of non-alignment and is now on the threshold of coming out of its shell to play an important role at the world stage as a Global player if not as atleast as a regional player. The nuclear agreement, which followed three weeks later, calling for the separation of Indias nuclear facilities into civilian and military, and bringing Indias civilian facilities under international safeguards in exchange for nuclear energy cooperation, demonstrated the growing strategic convergence between the US India. Domestic political considerations have come in the way of the Indian gov ernment operationalising the nuclear deal. That notwithstanding, the deal was widely welcomed in India because it opened the doors for India to participate in civilian nuclear commerce with members of the NSG while allowing it to retain its nuclear weapons programme despite being outside the NPT[5]. PRESENT STATUS 17. Contemporarily, India enjoys a leading status in South Asia. Militarily, she has displayed her potential either in a direct conflict, coercion or allaying any belligerence by its potential adversaries. Birth of Bangladesh, intervention in Sri Lanka Maldives, Indian Naval involvement in Gulf of Aden are a few indicators that India has acquired a great measure of regional hegemony. 18. Power status takes into account an ideological or political role and above all the economic health of a nation. Regional hegemony or dominance implies the existence of local military pre-ponderance and the availability of non-military instruments of pressure, including economic coercion. Studies of strategic power in the world politics commonly assign to India the status of a middle power of some regional significance, but little more[6]. A state such as India, by virtue of its size, resources and geographical location, finds herself a power in regional terms whether or not it seeks the label and despite the fact that all its capabilities for regional dominance are not yet fully exploited. Indias current pre-eminence over its neighbours, however, is so substantial that its position has been recognised by the entire world, and implicitly so by all South Asian states as well[7]. 19. Recent years have witnessed a steady growth in Indias power, based upon a strong economic performance. According to the World Bank, Indias per capita income is now higher than Chinas and some reports put its rate of economic growth above Chinas in real terms[9]. 20. Furthermore, with the prospect of a declining role for the superpowers in the region, Indias growth in military capability is likely to leave it stronger in relative as well as absolute terms. The erstwhile Soviet Union is no longer a major factor in the Indian Ocean and the peace dividend in the world politics may eventually lead to a reduced presence on the part of the United States [10]. 21. While Indias emerging role is well acknowledged in the world, there are clear limitations both upon the current extent of Indias power and upon the rate at which that power will accrue. With India, it has been very much the question of WATCH THIS SPACE [11]. INDIA S POWER POTENTIAL Geo-Strategic Location. 22. India shares its borders with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It has close proximity to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Therefore, in South Asia, it has to directly interact with many neighbours. Strategically, India lies astride the Indian ocean, flanking the Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca. It lies across the routes from West Asia to South-East and East Asia. Therefore, the dominating position of India and its island territories would enable it to control the sea lines of communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Natural Resources. 23. India has abundant natural resources. Its soil varies greatly from region to region. It is alluvial in the northern plains, sandy in the western desert, black in the Deccan Plateau and coarse in the hilly terrain. Each type is suitable for a particular group of crops. There are areas where trees grow on their own. They form the source of timber, pulp, resin, lac, gum and cane[12]. 24. Indias hydro-electric and coal reserves are massive. Oil exploration is limited but off shore potentials suggest a great amount of self reliance. Indias Thorium reserves are large. Its known reserves of Iron ore, which represent 10% of the worlds total and those of a wide range of other minerals suggest that India has the potential for a relatively independent economy[13]. Human Resources. 25. Human resources are of paramount importance in any economy. A human being comes not only with a mouth and a belly for consumption, but also with two hands to work. The adverse effects of unchecked population growth cannot be ignored; however, given the right direction and awakening, the population can be utilised constructively. A large young population helps to boost demand by providing an extensive and growing market for industrial products. It can lower wages, increase profits and output, encourage industrial development and open employment avenues. This is borne out by the fact that numerous MNCs are investing huge sums of money to tap the cheap Indian labour and the immense ready market. Economic Base. 26. Till recently, multiple restrictions on private business co-operation and the goal of achieving economic self reliance had shackled the Indian economy by hindering unprejudiced co-operation from industrial nations. With the adoption of a liberalised economic policy, an extensive economic relation is now growing. The new economic policy lays greater emphasis on private enterprise and intensified competition for dynamic industrial progress and mordenisation. Prospects for a substantial upswing of economic growth seem to be favourable now. 27. India has huge reserves of important raw material and a large domestic market. It also has a large group of entrepenures and managers experienced in organising and managing industrial enterprises under difficult circumstances. Given the improved setting for entrepreneurial activities, the large number of scientists and engineers, some of them highly qualified professionals, trained overseas or with practical foreign experience, could be of immense benefit to the country[14]. 28. The expectations of economic development are based on an economic policy that is yet in its infancy. For long term stability the creation of a congenial atmosphere for foreign investment is necessary. Our focus would have to shift from development of industrial sector to the improvement of institutional framework for long term development. Greater efforts to improve social security are needed to cushion the effects of intensified industrial competition and to open up new possibilities for the impoverished classes to take a share in the economic development. Science and Technology. 29. India began to develop its capabilities in science and technology soon after independence. However, the overall programme while impressive compared to that of other poor countries is inadequate and poorly organised in relation to the countrys potential and requirements[15]. Of the total research and development in the country, only 25% is used to promote innovation in industry and agriculture, while the major chunk contributes to development in areas like atomic energy, space programme and defence equipment. 30. The latest thrust to uplift the economy has renewed the vigour in the sphere of science and technology also. The private sector has shown great promise to measure upto the national requirements and a healthy competition with other nations can be seen specially in areas like computer software and electronics. Numerous institutions are doing some original and promising research in various fields. Political System 31. Indias political system was initially dominated by the small urban elite comprising leaders of the nationalist movement and an elitist civil service. At the state level, elected representatives wielded impressive influence in directing benefits to their constituencies and acting as channels of complaint and pressure within the bureaucracy. The system moved rapidly to broaden its base of support by bringing the bulk of peasantry into the system and also by including small business and trading interests. The evolution of such a system from the authoritarian colonial rule was accompanied by tension and uneven progress. 32. India had managed to operate a complex ; constitutional, federal, parliamentary and party dominated political system with remarkable effectiveness. Indias manifold diversity and communal problems often raise the spectre of disintegration; these are common to a nation state building process that the developed countries experienced a century ago. In the Indian democratic set-up, its people have displayed a great amount of maturity in preserving their rights. Any display of authoritarianism by a democratically elected government has met with stiff opposition. A vivid example is the imposition of emergency in 1975 by Mrs Gandhi and her subsequent electoral defeat in 1977. The emergency and the general elections of 1977 were a test of democracy, equivalent in significance to a social revolution[16]. 33. A seemingly large section of illiterate electorate is well aware of its might and is critical of the people who represent them in higher offices. India has managed to solve or at least contain major disputes on language policy and regional autonomy. At the same time religious, caste based and even communist organisations have been brought in and operate in a largely peaceful democratic institution. Indias political leaders have shown a firm resolution in making of both foreign and defence policies. The military also operates under political direction. Inherent stability is provided to the system by the presence of well established institutions like judiciary, banking and stock exchange. 34. Future political crisis no doubt loom large, but this can only be expected considering the countrys social and economic metamorphosis. The durability and resilience of the Indian democratic system indicates that not only would it continue in the coming years but would also gain more strength and experience. Military Capability. 35. Since their debacle in the 1962 Sino- Indian conflict, the Indian Armed Forces have come a long way. Today India possesses adequate defence capability to look after her interests. India is able to produce diverse military items such as small arms, field and anti-aircraft recoilless guns, howitzers, support electronic items, anti-tank, anti-aircraft and naval missiles, armoured vehicles, supersonic aircraft, helicopters, anti-submarine frigates, fast patrol boats and missile boats[17]. It has also demonstrated Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) technology. In space science, India is amongst the world leaders. All this has been achieved at a moderate expenditure of 3% of GNP per annum. Nuclear Potential. 36. Having successfully exploded its first nuclear device on 18 May 1974; India has continued to maintain a stance of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes alone. However, the potential of India to develop a nuclear bomb cannot be denied. Indias nuclear structure is quite diversified. Beginning with the construction of Asias (outside erstwhile USSR ) first nuclear reactor in 1956, India has acquired the following major facilities[18]:- (a) Half a dozen nuclear research reactors, all but one built without foreign assistance or participation. (b) The ability to design and construct from equipment manufactured indigenously one 500 MW nuclear power station every second year. (c) The competence to fabricate all sensitive nuclear instruments, fuelling assemblies, special alloys and materials, fissile plutonium and thorium from its own processes and plants. (d) Asias first indigenously constructed variable energy cyclotron. (e) Numerous other nuclear activities and support facilities, isotope production, mines, medicines, seismic arrays, fissile U-223, extraction processes, fusion, uranium enrichment research and so on. Openness and Resilience. 37. Except for the brief period of emergency, India has had an open society with an active press and an intellectual community. Indian political and economic affairs are subject to constant criticism. Critics find information on India more readily available than for China, Pakistan and several developing countries. In addition, there is a constant flow of constructive criticism from internal sources. Viewed and used correctly, this criticism provides important inputs for betterment. Indian resilience is a widely recognised phenomenon. Many hostile designs to covertly disintegrate India became ineffective owing to the conciliatory approach of the polity. Factional and religio ethnic conflicts can only be expected in a country comprising of people with widely diversified religious faith. The phenomenon of sporadic flare ups is likely to continue in the coming decades too. At the same time, India would be able to absorb such irritants and continue its march forward into the 21st centur y. RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES South Asian Strategic Environment. 38. The strategic environment in South Asia has been remarkably conflict laden; characterised by wars or hostile relations between neighbours, especially between India and her neighbours. Despite this history of war, nations do engage each other in peaceful competition as well as in a large amount of outright co-operation. The changes in the Indian foreign and security policy since the end of the Cold War have been rapid and radical. They have taken place as a reaction to the perceived rather far reaching changes in the global and regional security environments. The growing problem with terrorism, in terms of domestic, Kashmiri and international terrorism, manifested itself in attacks in major Indian cities, the hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight and the attack against the Indian parliament. Moreover, the exponentially growing power of China, its strategic assistance to Pakistan and the sudden disappearance of the Soviet backing to balance Chinas growing global and regional powe r resulted in a feeling of encirclement and relative isolation. India felt it had to become a normal nation by placing considerations of national security above its traditional focus on liberal internationalism and the nonalignment/ third world cause. Indias regional policy has been in clear contrast to its global preference of multilateralism and rejection of the ideas of balance of power and exclusive spheres of influence. In the region, India has preferred to handle unresolved issues with neighbours bilaterally and uphold regional security on the premise of its own hegemony and by keeping great powers out of the region. In terms of European security interests in South Asia, the opportunities for EU security policy are limited to soft measures aimed at promoting peace and stability in the region, and in Kashmir in particular. Hence, in order to promote a lasting peace in the region, the EU should utilize preventive diplomacy aimed at promoting a peaceful solution in Kashmir throug h all available venues and prepare to provide technical and financial assistance if a peace agreement is reached. Whilst the EU should actively promote the peaceful resolution of Kashmir, its own experiences show that economic interdependence can have significant positive effects in creating facilitating conditions for peace and stability. Hence, EU policies towards India and Pakistan, as well as South Asia in general, should be aimed at advocating and supporting increasing regional economic interdependence and cooperation. The EU should also nurture and further develop its strategic partnership with India, but without neglecting Pakistan.[19] 39. Those enable regional powers to influence their neighbors and to protect themselves from disagreeable outside interference (Waltz 1979: 191/192). In contrast to this, liberal institutional approaches have emphasized soft power aspects with cultural attraction, ideology, and international institutions as the main resources (Nye 1990: 167). Neo-realism and liberal-institutionalism have different understandings of the concept of power. Neo-realism emphasises the capacity of states to influence others to behave as it wants them to behave whereas the cooptive power of liberal-institutionalism aims at getting others to want what you want (ibid.).Concepts of hard and soft power can be regarded as two poles on a continuum of power. They also imply different ideas, interactions and institutions for foreign policy when looking at the fields of politics, security, and economy. Ideally hard power strategies focus on military intervention, coercive diplomacy, and economic sanctions in order to enforce national interests resulting in confrontational policies vis-Ã  -vis neighbouring countries. In contrast to this soft power strategies emphasise common political values, peaceful means for conflict management, and economic co-operation in order to achieve common solutions[20]. 40. A reassessment of changed of the changed geopolitical and geostrategic realities of South Asia, has to be undertaken by India. If it wishes to enlarge its option in the global regional pulls and pushes it has to tread a course which enables it to safeguard its national interests without treading on controversy.[21] India relations with its neighbours will be the most important fact India in the New World Order as Regional Power India in the New World Order as Regional Power INTRODUCTION Background 1. Dramatic changes at the global level have initiated a process of reorientation of the power distribution in international politics. The changes initiated with the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR ), the unification of Europe in pursuit of an identity of its own ,a sharp decline of communism has set in a process of transition in world affairs, the sudden rise of asian countries mainly China, India ASEAN Bloc, emergence of resurgent Russia and establishment of new economic power blocs like the G20,BRIC RIC. The emergence of USA as the sole super power and its global war on terror have changed the security scenario for all and sundry. The existing obscurity has given rise to new opportunities, new speculations and new considerations regarding power distribution. A gradual shift from a geo-political world order to a geo-economical world order has come to stay. There is no doubt that any future order would have the considerations such as comprehensive na tional power to incl Economy and the power it wields albeit indirectly, at the centre of any international power game. 2. Global shifts happen rarely and are even less often peaceful. The transfer of power from west to east will dramatically change the context of dealing with international challenges. In the early 20th century the imperial order and the aspiring states of Germany and Japan failed to adjust to each other. That led to wars which devastated the better part of the world. The coming shift in power will have a greater impact globally and will require assimilation of diverse political and cultural systems. Todays rising powers seek redress of past grievances, are proudly nationalistic and want to claim their rightful place in the comity of nations. Asian rise in economic terms will translate into greater political and military power, thus increasing the potential damage from conflicts. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair has noted that In the next two decades China and India will undergo industrialisation four times the size of the United States and at five times the speedFor the first time in many centuries, power is moving East. Blair added that In this new world, we must clear a path to partnership, not stand off against each other competing for power. The worldcannot afford a return to the 20th century struggles for hegemony.[1] 3. India being a part of this evolutionary and revolutionary economic process needs to apprise herself of these changes and redefine: if required, her goals and objectives to emerge as a reckonable force from the present mesh of contradictions and complexities. The term reckonable force can be redefined as regional power when one views Indias prospects vis-Ã  -vis her size, geo-strategic location, abundant natural resources, size of economy and military capability. The Indian nation is not just a nation, but a subcontinent. Being a subcontinent not only in size, but by its population which is in excess of One Billion, sets it apart in a World with a total population of a little above Five Billion means that in every Five Human being on Earth one is an Indian. It is on record that the Indian Armed Forces is the Fourth Largest in the World. India has since the past Twenty Eight years been exerting her influence in the South Asia sub-region. Thus India has functioned for over half her period of independence as a regional power. It is instructive that given the New World Order in which the US is about the only Super power, it is pertinent that in order to maintain the Balance of Power, that Nations like India with a long period of History devoid of expansionist propensity, should emerge as a Super power to enhance the balance of power in the South Asian sub-region, and the World in general. 4. The Indo-Pak conflict of 1971 leading to the emergence of Bangladesh, peace keeping operations in Srilanka, quick repression of an attempted coup in Maldives, deployment of Indian navy in Gulf of Aden and involvement of India in various fora both on strategic geopolitical stage provide ample evidence that India possesses many of the attributes of a regional power. The emergence as a knowledge economy and as a Human resource powerhouse, make India a force to reckon with today and strong vibrant economy in future. In the recent past, India enhanced role in plethora of world fora and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and subsequent ratification by Nuclear Suppliers Group IAEA. However, in some areas like all round economic development, poverty, population explosion, literacy rates and foreign policy to some extent, India is lacking at the moment. For India to emerge as a regional power, these unfavourable areas need critical attention and reappraisal. The Indian economy is growing at an av erage rate of 8 per cent a year. Most Indian and foreign observers are confident that India will sustain this tempo of growth in the near future, and will go on to become one of the worlds leading economies and a global political power in 2020. A few voices draw attention to the tremendous economic, political and social challenges facing India that the country must overcome before it can lay claim to being a world power [2]. Statement of the Argument 5. A countrys role in the international system is not a random occurrence or a result of an accident ; but is basically a function of its power position in the international hierarchy. To have a Subject Role in international politics is to be a part of the power structure that makes vital decisions about the fate and destiny of the international system and the nations within it. The Object Role nations are at the receiving end of the decisions made by the subject role nations. A third in-between category is that of an independent centre of power. These nations do not have the leverage to influence the course of the international system as a whole, but do possess enough capability to have, within a given configuration of power, a considerable degree of autonomy and the capability to resist the application of unwelcome decisions. While subject nations have global influence, independent centres of power are often dominant or pre-eminent in a certain region. They may, therefore may also be referred to as Regional Powers . Typically a subject nation resists the emergence of a regional power; for to accommodate others to a similar role is to diminish ones own power. The tendency is to extend ones own power and exercise domination over others so as to reduce the emerging regional powers to the status of a mere object nation.[3] 6. India gained pre-eminence in South Asia in the aftermath of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 but more recently with the steady economic growth and growing international stature have made it a power centre in South Asia. With the recent changes in the world politics and diffusion of power, countries with regional prominence have come to possess a great capacity for asserting their regional pre-eminence. In this context, India has the capability and the potential to be elevated to the status of a regional power. An analysis of various factors in the light of international power structure would facilitate the prognosis of the status India is likely to achieve by 2020 AD. Aim 7. To assess Indias potential in the new world order so as to forecast the prospects of India emerging as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Justification for the Study 8. Ever since gaining independence in 1947, India has moved slowly but steadily towards its role as a regional power . Historically India has been the seat of famous ancient civilisations. It invokes memories of past greatness, though episodic; and of epochs of creativity, not only in Philosophy and Literature but also in Science and Mathematics. The fact that the last several centuries saw India under alien rule only makes aspirations in the restoration of greatness all the more deeply felt[4]. Indias influence in South Asia in particular and the world in general, is beginning to emerge. A study of various factors that would aid Indias emergence, as well as various impediments that retard this process merit analysis. India is a fast steadily developing country and stands among the top few industrial nations in the world and has a rapidly growing industrial sector. Although poverty, illiteracy and health deficiencies are some of the vexing problems, yet only few nations have larger pools of trained professionals, scientific, technological and executive talents than that in India. 9. India, as a nation is about over half a century old. In this period of her independence, she has exhibited character and pedigree. She was instrumental to the creation of the Non Aligned Movement in the cold war era. She has on the issue of Nuclear Non proliferation taken a consistent stance even though this posture has met with the ire of the developed world has not deterred her. This attitude was demonstrated by her refusal to sign the CTBT. It is on record that it took her more than a quarter of a century to carry out a follow up nuclear test. This could be placed at the doorstep of the fact that her good neighbours China and Pakistan have continued to arm themselves with these offensive weapons. India in her nuclear policy states that she would abide with the principles of no-first strike, nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone of that policy. And to continue to advocate for a ban on nuclear weapons like the type achieved on Chemical and Biological warfare weapons and the ban o n use of land mines. These stated positions have recently been understood and appreciated by the entire world polity and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and its subsequent ratification at Nuclear Supplier Group International Atomic Energy Asssociation have largely vindicated Indian stance on these issues. The engagement involvement of India in G8, BRIC, RIC, ASEAN, IBSA in the geopolitical arena. The positions on WTO Climate change are also a case in point for growing stature of India on world stage. 10. The Information Technology IT propels the world of technology. In this field India has demonstrated outstanding abilities. In the Silicon Valley of American, it is reported that 60,000 Indians operating there could collectively boast of assets worth more five hundred billion dollars. This is no mean achievement. Its effect on India is the collateral development of the Asian Silicon Valley in Bangalore, Karnataka. In the field of IT, the Indian nation has arrived. For this simple reasons her Engineers and Technologists are being sought across the globe. This is not to talk of the influence of Indian businessmen, in other continents like Africa, where they command an imposing stature in the fields of Textile technology and Pharmaceuticals. Indias stature as an IT Knowledge base powerhouse is a major factor in its rise at the world stage. India is a single democratic political entity, though slightly marred by development problems and religious regional strifes varying from state to state. In view of the existing fluidity in the Asian region following the global paradigm, shift in the power distribution and the present status of India, an attempt to foresee Indias evolution as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 would be relevant. Scope 11. The scope of this paper would be limited to analysing various factors governing the emergence of India as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Indias performance as an independent state would be given a brief overview along with her present status in the region. Preview 12. To analyse the future, it is essential to critically evaluate Indias power potential as well as the impediments enroute. India has inherited a volatile, ethnic, religious and social mix that generates strong cross-currents of tension between the states of the region. Added to this are the domestic under-currents of religious fundamentalism, communal tensions, demand for autonomous/ independent states and inherent problems of a multi-lingual and multi-racial society. 13. Indias quest for the regional power status in this turbulent environment is underwritten by an increasingly open and vibrant economy and a Military Industrial complex that stretches deep into the bureaucratic structure of the nation. However, Indias attention has been focused more on the problems associated with its immediate neighbourhood and on nation building, than on the Indian Ocean region, let alone the world. Its ironic that while on one hand it is the problems of the neighbourhood that have largely driven Indias military build up, on the other hand it is these very problems that continue to limit its strategic reach. It is this combination of a drive for a great power status and intensifying regional and national problems that pose a number of questions about Indias future. This paper endeavours to answer some of these questions. Source of the Data 14. The source of the data are the various books in the college library, various magazines and articles written by various people from time to time. Internet was also used for collection of data and articles. Bibliography is attached at Appx A. BRIEF HISTORY 15. The colonial powers that ruled India for centuries, apparently visualised her potential and attempted to undermine it through a process of gradual disintegration. Formation of Pakistan is one vivid example of such designs. After independence, the citizens of India have displayed remarkable resilience to destructive forces. Despite impediments like poverty, corruption, ailing bureaucracy and population explosion, India has made significant progress in various fields to incl education, manufacturing, knowledge based industry, IT, space technology, pharmaceutical industry. Today India ranks among fastest growing economies of the world and IT Knowledge based industry powerhouse. 16. In the past sixty years after independence, India has acquired great maturity and realism in the management of its strategic environment albeit with considerable pain and sacrifice. Indias posture has been based on a realistic assessment of its capabilities. It projects a defensive, progress oriented stance rather than an expansionist or a hegemonistic stance. India has continued to follow and propagate the ideology of non-alignment and is now on the threshold of coming out of its shell to play an important role at the world stage as a Global player if not as atleast as a regional player. The nuclear agreement, which followed three weeks later, calling for the separation of Indias nuclear facilities into civilian and military, and bringing Indias civilian facilities under international safeguards in exchange for nuclear energy cooperation, demonstrated the growing strategic convergence between the US India. Domestic political considerations have come in the way of the Indian gov ernment operationalising the nuclear deal. That notwithstanding, the deal was widely welcomed in India because it opened the doors for India to participate in civilian nuclear commerce with members of the NSG while allowing it to retain its nuclear weapons programme despite being outside the NPT[5]. PRESENT STATUS 17. Contemporarily, India enjoys a leading status in South Asia. Militarily, she has displayed her potential either in a direct conflict, coercion or allaying any belligerence by its potential adversaries. Birth of Bangladesh, intervention in Sri Lanka Maldives, Indian Naval involvement in Gulf of Aden are a few indicators that India has acquired a great measure of regional hegemony. 18. Power status takes into account an ideological or political role and above all the economic health of a nation. Regional hegemony or dominance implies the existence of local military pre-ponderance and the availability of non-military instruments of pressure, including economic coercion. Studies of strategic power in the world politics commonly assign to India the status of a middle power of some regional significance, but little more[6]. A state such as India, by virtue of its size, resources and geographical location, finds herself a power in regional terms whether or not it seeks the label and despite the fact that all its capabilities for regional dominance are not yet fully exploited. Indias current pre-eminence over its neighbours, however, is so substantial that its position has been recognised by the entire world, and implicitly so by all South Asian states as well[7]. 19. Recent years have witnessed a steady growth in Indias power, based upon a strong economic performance. According to the World Bank, Indias per capita income is now higher than Chinas and some reports put its rate of economic growth above Chinas in real terms[9]. 20. Furthermore, with the prospect of a declining role for the superpowers in the region, Indias growth in military capability is likely to leave it stronger in relative as well as absolute terms. The erstwhile Soviet Union is no longer a major factor in the Indian Ocean and the peace dividend in the world politics may eventually lead to a reduced presence on the part of the United States [10]. 21. While Indias emerging role is well acknowledged in the world, there are clear limitations both upon the current extent of Indias power and upon the rate at which that power will accrue. With India, it has been very much the question of WATCH THIS SPACE [11]. INDIA S POWER POTENTIAL Geo-Strategic Location. 22. India shares its borders with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It has close proximity to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Therefore, in South Asia, it has to directly interact with many neighbours. Strategically, India lies astride the Indian ocean, flanking the Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca. It lies across the routes from West Asia to South-East and East Asia. Therefore, the dominating position of India and its island territories would enable it to control the sea lines of communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Natural Resources. 23. India has abundant natural resources. Its soil varies greatly from region to region. It is alluvial in the northern plains, sandy in the western desert, black in the Deccan Plateau and coarse in the hilly terrain. Each type is suitable for a particular group of crops. There are areas where trees grow on their own. They form the source of timber, pulp, resin, lac, gum and cane[12]. 24. Indias hydro-electric and coal reserves are massive. Oil exploration is limited but off shore potentials suggest a great amount of self reliance. Indias Thorium reserves are large. Its known reserves of Iron ore, which represent 10% of the worlds total and those of a wide range of other minerals suggest that India has the potential for a relatively independent economy[13]. Human Resources. 25. Human resources are of paramount importance in any economy. A human being comes not only with a mouth and a belly for consumption, but also with two hands to work. The adverse effects of unchecked population growth cannot be ignored; however, given the right direction and awakening, the population can be utilised constructively. A large young population helps to boost demand by providing an extensive and growing market for industrial products. It can lower wages, increase profits and output, encourage industrial development and open employment avenues. This is borne out by the fact that numerous MNCs are investing huge sums of money to tap the cheap Indian labour and the immense ready market. Economic Base. 26. Till recently, multiple restrictions on private business co-operation and the goal of achieving economic self reliance had shackled the Indian economy by hindering unprejudiced co-operation from industrial nations. With the adoption of a liberalised economic policy, an extensive economic relation is now growing. The new economic policy lays greater emphasis on private enterprise and intensified competition for dynamic industrial progress and mordenisation. Prospects for a substantial upswing of economic growth seem to be favourable now. 27. India has huge reserves of important raw material and a large domestic market. It also has a large group of entrepenures and managers experienced in organising and managing industrial enterprises under difficult circumstances. Given the improved setting for entrepreneurial activities, the large number of scientists and engineers, some of them highly qualified professionals, trained overseas or with practical foreign experience, could be of immense benefit to the country[14]. 28. The expectations of economic development are based on an economic policy that is yet in its infancy. For long term stability the creation of a congenial atmosphere for foreign investment is necessary. Our focus would have to shift from development of industrial sector to the improvement of institutional framework for long term development. Greater efforts to improve social security are needed to cushion the effects of intensified industrial competition and to open up new possibilities for the impoverished classes to take a share in the economic development. Science and Technology. 29. India began to develop its capabilities in science and technology soon after independence. However, the overall programme while impressive compared to that of other poor countries is inadequate and poorly organised in relation to the countrys potential and requirements[15]. Of the total research and development in the country, only 25% is used to promote innovation in industry and agriculture, while the major chunk contributes to development in areas like atomic energy, space programme and defence equipment. 30. The latest thrust to uplift the economy has renewed the vigour in the sphere of science and technology also. The private sector has shown great promise to measure upto the national requirements and a healthy competition with other nations can be seen specially in areas like computer software and electronics. Numerous institutions are doing some original and promising research in various fields. Political System 31. Indias political system was initially dominated by the small urban elite comprising leaders of the nationalist movement and an elitist civil service. At the state level, elected representatives wielded impressive influence in directing benefits to their constituencies and acting as channels of complaint and pressure within the bureaucracy. The system moved rapidly to broaden its base of support by bringing the bulk of peasantry into the system and also by including small business and trading interests. The evolution of such a system from the authoritarian colonial rule was accompanied by tension and uneven progress. 32. India had managed to operate a complex ; constitutional, federal, parliamentary and party dominated political system with remarkable effectiveness. Indias manifold diversity and communal problems often raise the spectre of disintegration; these are common to a nation state building process that the developed countries experienced a century ago. In the Indian democratic set-up, its people have displayed a great amount of maturity in preserving their rights. Any display of authoritarianism by a democratically elected government has met with stiff opposition. A vivid example is the imposition of emergency in 1975 by Mrs Gandhi and her subsequent electoral defeat in 1977. The emergency and the general elections of 1977 were a test of democracy, equivalent in significance to a social revolution[16]. 33. A seemingly large section of illiterate electorate is well aware of its might and is critical of the people who represent them in higher offices. India has managed to solve or at least contain major disputes on language policy and regional autonomy. At the same time religious, caste based and even communist organisations have been brought in and operate in a largely peaceful democratic institution. Indias political leaders have shown a firm resolution in making of both foreign and defence policies. The military also operates under political direction. Inherent stability is provided to the system by the presence of well established institutions like judiciary, banking and stock exchange. 34. Future political crisis no doubt loom large, but this can only be expected considering the countrys social and economic metamorphosis. The durability and resilience of the Indian democratic system indicates that not only would it continue in the coming years but would also gain more strength and experience. Military Capability. 35. Since their debacle in the 1962 Sino- Indian conflict, the Indian Armed Forces have come a long way. Today India possesses adequate defence capability to look after her interests. India is able to produce diverse military items such as small arms, field and anti-aircraft recoilless guns, howitzers, support electronic items, anti-tank, anti-aircraft and naval missiles, armoured vehicles, supersonic aircraft, helicopters, anti-submarine frigates, fast patrol boats and missile boats[17]. It has also demonstrated Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) technology. In space science, India is amongst the world leaders. All this has been achieved at a moderate expenditure of 3% of GNP per annum. Nuclear Potential. 36. Having successfully exploded its first nuclear device on 18 May 1974; India has continued to maintain a stance of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes alone. However, the potential of India to develop a nuclear bomb cannot be denied. Indias nuclear structure is quite diversified. Beginning with the construction of Asias (outside erstwhile USSR ) first nuclear reactor in 1956, India has acquired the following major facilities[18]:- (a) Half a dozen nuclear research reactors, all but one built without foreign assistance or participation. (b) The ability to design and construct from equipment manufactured indigenously one 500 MW nuclear power station every second year. (c) The competence to fabricate all sensitive nuclear instruments, fuelling assemblies, special alloys and materials, fissile plutonium and thorium from its own processes and plants. (d) Asias first indigenously constructed variable energy cyclotron. (e) Numerous other nuclear activities and support facilities, isotope production, mines, medicines, seismic arrays, fissile U-223, extraction processes, fusion, uranium enrichment research and so on. Openness and Resilience. 37. Except for the brief period of emergency, India has had an open society with an active press and an intellectual community. Indian political and economic affairs are subject to constant criticism. Critics find information on India more readily available than for China, Pakistan and several developing countries. In addition, there is a constant flow of constructive criticism from internal sources. Viewed and used correctly, this criticism provides important inputs for betterment. Indian resilience is a widely recognised phenomenon. Many hostile designs to covertly disintegrate India became ineffective owing to the conciliatory approach of the polity. Factional and religio ethnic conflicts can only be expected in a country comprising of people with widely diversified religious faith. The phenomenon of sporadic flare ups is likely to continue in the coming decades too. At the same time, India would be able to absorb such irritants and continue its march forward into the 21st centur y. RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES South Asian Strategic Environment. 38. The strategic environment in South Asia has been remarkably conflict laden; characterised by wars or hostile relations between neighbours, especially between India and her neighbours. Despite this history of war, nations do engage each other in peaceful competition as well as in a large amount of outright co-operation. The changes in the Indian foreign and security policy since the end of the Cold War have been rapid and radical. They have taken place as a reaction to the perceived rather far reaching changes in the global and regional security environments. The growing problem with terrorism, in terms of domestic, Kashmiri and international terrorism, manifested itself in attacks in major Indian cities, the hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight and the attack against the Indian parliament. Moreover, the exponentially growing power of China, its strategic assistance to Pakistan and the sudden disappearance of the Soviet backing to balance Chinas growing global and regional powe r resulted in a feeling of encirclement and relative isolation. India felt it had to become a normal nation by placing considerations of national security above its traditional focus on liberal internationalism and the nonalignment/ third world cause. Indias regional policy has been in clear contrast to its global preference of multilateralism and rejection of the ideas of balance of power and exclusive spheres of influence. In the region, India has preferred to handle unresolved issues with neighbours bilaterally and uphold regional security on the premise of its own hegemony and by keeping great powers out of the region. In terms of European security interests in South Asia, the opportunities for EU security policy are limited to soft measures aimed at promoting peace and stability in the region, and in Kashmir in particular. Hence, in order to promote a lasting peace in the region, the EU should utilize preventive diplomacy aimed at promoting a peaceful solution in Kashmir throug h all available venues and prepare to provide technical and financial assistance if a peace agreement is reached. Whilst the EU should actively promote the peaceful resolution of Kashmir, its own experiences show that economic interdependence can have significant positive effects in creating facilitating conditions for peace and stability. Hence, EU policies towards India and Pakistan, as well as South Asia in general, should be aimed at advocating and supporting increasing regional economic interdependence and cooperation. The EU should also nurture and further develop its strategic partnership with India, but without neglecting Pakistan.[19] 39. Those enable regional powers to influence their neighbors and to protect themselves from disagreeable outside interference (Waltz 1979: 191/192). In contrast to this, liberal institutional approaches have emphasized soft power aspects with cultural attraction, ideology, and international institutions as the main resources (Nye 1990: 167). Neo-realism and liberal-institutionalism have different understandings of the concept of power. Neo-realism emphasises the capacity of states to influence others to behave as it wants them to behave whereas the cooptive power of liberal-institutionalism aims at getting others to want what you want (ibid.).Concepts of hard and soft power can be regarded as two poles on a continuum of power. They also imply different ideas, interactions and institutions for foreign policy when looking at the fields of politics, security, and economy. Ideally hard power strategies focus on military intervention, coercive diplomacy, and economic sanctions in order to enforce national interests resulting in confrontational policies vis-Ã  -vis neighbouring countries. In contrast to this soft power strategies emphasise common political values, peaceful means for conflict management, and economic co-operation in order to achieve common solutions[20]. 40. A reassessment of changed of the changed geopolitical and geostrategic realities of South Asia, has to be undertaken by India. If it wishes to enlarge its option in the global regional pulls and pushes it has to tread a course which enables it to safeguard its national interests without treading on controversy.[21] India relations with its neighbours will be the most important fact